Przegla̧d lekarski
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Historical Article
[The history of antitobacco actions in the last 500 years. part. 1. Non-medical actions].
Tobacco was brought to Europe by Christopher Columbus, who discovered it in Cuba in October, 1492. Spread of tobacco consumption was initiated by the French diplomat Jean Nicot de Villemain, who in 1560 recommended it in the form of powdered tobacco leaves to the French Queen Catherine de Medice to combat her migraine headaches, and introduced the term Nicotiana tobaccum. Tobacco consumption greatly rose after the I World War, and after the II World War it became very common, especially among man. ⋯ In this period, especially in the 19th century dominated moral and religious arguments against tobacco. In the 20th century however, and particularly in its second part, development in medical research was enhanced by civil voluntary actions against advertisement and passive smoking. This lead to the significant limitation of tobacco expansion in Europe, USA and Canada in the end of the 20th century.
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It was estimated that current cigarette smoking will cause about 450 million deaths worldwide in the next fifty years. Reducing current smoking by 50% would avoid 20 to 30 million premature deaths in the first quarter of the century and about 150 million in the second. ⋯ There is evidence that some form of treatment aids an increasing number of successful quit attempts. European experiences concerning schedules of the fight against the tobacco addiction with the use of the treatment aids were described in the paper.
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The occurrence of the disturbances of oropharyngeal phases of swallowing in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) patients has been well documented. ⋯ This study reveal the occurrence of disturbances of the oesophageal phase of swallowing in ALS patients with dysphagia.
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Lyme borreliosis is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted into the human body by ticks. The clinical symptoms are associated with skin, joints, heart and nervous system. Four groups of antibiotics are used in Lyme borreliosis treatment: penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines and macrolides. We present the case of Lyme borreliosis with outbreak joint manifestation.
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Cognitive psychology is an interdisciplinary field whose main aim is to study the thinking mechanisms of humans leading to cognizance. Therefore the concept of human cognitive processes envelopes the knowledge related to the mechanisms which determine the way humans acquire information from the environment and utilize their knowledge and experience. There are three basic processes which need to be distinguished when discussing human perception development: acquiring sensations, perceptiveness and attention. ⋯ CPT is a diagnostic tool used to assess the attention selective function, attention continuity of attention, attention interference resistance as well as attention alertness. The Free Recall test is used in the memory processes diagnostics to assess patients' operational memory as well as the information organization degree in operational memory. The above mentioned neuropsychological tests are tools used in clinical assessment of cognitive function disorders.