Restorative neurology and neuroscience
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Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. · Jan 2015
The temporal expression patterns of fibronectin and its receptors-α5β1 and αvβ3 integrins on blood vessels after cerebral ischemia.
We previously demonstrated that 7 days post-ischemia, angiogenic vessels in the ischemic penumbra show strong upregulation of fibronectin (Fn) and its receptors, α5β1 and αvβ3 integrins. The aim of the current study was to precisely define the time-course of angiogenic responses and glial activation following experimental ischemia in the mouse. ⋯ Our results suggest that upregulation of the Fn-α5β1/αVβ3 integrin axis on blood vessels stimulates BEC proliferation at an early stage of angiogenesis post-ischemia. This could form the basis of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at promoting angiogenesis following cerebral ischemia.
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Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. · Jan 2015
Randomized Controlled TrialAnodal transcranial direct current stimulation of motor cortex does not ameliorate spasticity in multiple sclerosis.
To assess whether anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is effective in modulating lower limb spasticity in MS patients. Previously, anodal tDCS has been shown to improve motor deficits in several neurological diseases and, recently, it has been proposed as effective in decreasing spasticity after stroke. However, the effect of anodal tDCS on spasticity is not examined in MS. ⋯ Five-daily sessions of anodal tDCS to the primary motor cortex does do not improve lower limb spasticity in MS patients.
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Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. · Jan 2015
Randomized Controlled TrialStimulation targeting higher motor areas in stroke rehabilitation: A proof-of-concept, randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled study of effectiveness and underlying mechanisms.
To demonstrate, in a proof-of-concept study, whether potentiating ipsilesional higher motor areas (premotor cortex and supplementary motor area) augments and accelerates recovery associated with constraint induced movement. ⋯ Our proof-of-concept study provides early evidence that stimulating higher motor areas can help recruit the contralesional hemisphere in an adaptive role in cases of greater ipsilesional injury. Whether this early evidence of promise translates to remarkable gains in functional recovery compared to existing approaches of stimulation remains to be confirmed in large-scale clinical studies that can reasonably dissociate stimulation of higher motor areas from that of the traditional primary motor cortices.
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Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. · Jan 2015
Cerebellar direct current stimulation modulates pain perception in humans.
The cerebellum is involved in a wide number of integrative functions, but its role in pain experience and in the nociceptive information processing is poorly understood. In healthy volunteers we evaluated the effects of transcranial cerebellar direct current stimulation (tcDCS) by studying the changes in the perceptive threshold, pain intensity at given stimulation intensities (VAS:0-10) and laser evoked potentials (LEPs) variables (N1 and N2/P2 amplitudes and latencies). ⋯ tcDCS modulates pain perception and its cortical correlates. Since it is effective on both N1 and N2/P2 components, we speculate that the cerebellum engagement in pain processing modulates the activity of both somatosensory and cingulate cortices. Present findings prompt investigation of the cerebellar direct current polarization as a possible novel and safe therapeutic tool in chronic pain patients.
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Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. · Jan 2015
Can transcranial direct current stimulation be useful in differentiating unresponsive wakefulness syndrome from minimally conscious state patients?
Disorders of consciousness (DOC) diagnosis relies on the presence or absence of purposeful motor responsiveness, which characterizes the minimally conscious state (MCS) and the unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS), respectively. Functional neuroimaging studies have raised the question of possible residual conscious awareness also in clinically-defined UWS patients. The aim of our study was to identify electrophysiological parameters, by means of a transcranial magnetic stimulation approach, which might potentially express the presence of residual networks sustaining fragmentary behavioral patterns, even when no conscious behavior can be observed. ⋯ a-tDCS could be useful in identifying residual connectivity markers in clinically-defined UWS, who may lack of purposeful behavior as a result of a motor-output failure.