Klinika oczna
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Tersone syndrome was first described in 1900 as haemorrhages in the eye that occur as a consequence of intracranial hemorrhage. The main cause of the syndrome in adults is a subarachnoid hemorrhage following the rupture of intracranial aneurysm. The pathogenesis has not been fully understood. ⋯ Physical examination usually reveals vitreous hemorrhage (classic Terson's syndrome) and other forms of intraocular hemorrhage. The authors reviewed the available literature on the Terson's Syndrome. Clinical presentation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and available treatment options are presented and discussed, considering the rare occurrence of this disease.
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According to the guidelines by the ETROP (Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity) study group, laser therapy is the gold standard in the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity. However, progression of the disease is seen in 12% of eyes despite the treatment. Since there is no causal treatment, new therapies of retinopathy of prematurity, are continually sought, such as anti-VEGF agents, beta-blockers, or insulin-like growth factor gene therapy. ⋯ Many papers have been published on combined therapy involving vitrectomy and conservative treatment. In conclusion, optimal timing of surgical intervention is difficult to determine in stages 4 and 5, because the anatomical and functional outcomes in stage 5 are unfavourable. Both, ab externo surgery and vitrectomy tend to produce poor macular vision in eyes with advanced retinopathy of prematurity, therefore surgical intervention at stage 4 just before the local macular retinal detachment provides better anatomical and functional outcomes.
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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the industrialized world. The most severe form of this disease is exudative AMD. ⋯ Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy changed the standard-of-care for this blinding disease. This article presents one promising new drug for the treatment of exudative AMD--VEGF Trap-Eye.
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Examination of the pupils' light reaction and estimation of the pupils' diameter are the components of the routine physical examination of a patient. Disturbances in pupils' light reaction, unequal size of the pupils indicate damage of the nervous system and require careful diagnosis, both neurological and ophthalmological. Different aspects of anatomy, physiology and the most common pathological syndromes associated with disturbed pupils' light reaction and unequal diameters of the pupils were presented in the article. Early diagnosis and proper treatment can allow to improve prognosis in the analyzed patient group.
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Review Case Reports
[Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy following bilateral radical dissection of cervical lymph nodes].
Visual loss is a rare and potentially devastating complication of surgery under general anesthesia. We present a case of blindness after simultaneous bilateral neck dissection and discuss the perioperative circumstances and the possible causes. We also compare and contrast other such cases described in the literature and remind the clinical criteria for the diagnosis of perioperative type of posterior ischemic optic neuropathy.