Primary care
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Vocal cord disorders present with a variety of symptoms including dysphonia, respiratory symptoms, and stridor. When evaluating symptoms, a complete history and through head, neck, and neurologic examinations are necessary. ⋯ Most masses of the vocal folds are benign and resolve with voice hygiene and speech therapy. Surgery is reserved for persistent symptomatic nodules and cancerous lesions.
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The term vestibular disorder (VD) means the condition is related to vestibular structure (peripheral and central) or its mechanism. On the other hand, vestibular symptoms or dysfunctions are broader terminologies and include symptoms not related or partially related to vestibular apparatus or mechanism.
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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a very common and underdiagnosed condition across the world. It affects both pediatric and adult populations in unique but important ways. ⋯ Accurate and precise testing is vital to ensure accurate treatment, and specific testing methods are reviewed. Treatment options are discussed in detail for both adult and pediatric populations.
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This study provides a comprehensive overview of sinusitis, detailing its pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and management strategies. Sinusitis, characterized by inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, can be acute, subacute, recurrent, or chronic, with distinct clinical presentations and treatment approaches. ⋯ Surgical interventions like functional endoscopic sinus surgery may be required for refractory cases. Emerging therapies, such as biologics and minimally invasive procedures, offer promising alternatives to traditional management approaches.
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Temporomandibular junction disorders (TMD) are a common problem for patients presenting to the primary care office. Symptoms may be acute or chronic. ⋯ Physical examination findings vary and may include palpable tenderness or spasm of the pterygoid muscles, palpable or audible clicking at the joint, wear and tear of tooth enamel, or dental malocclusion. Most TMDs respond well to conservative therapy, but some patients may benefit from more invasive treatments.