Pain management nursing : official journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Low-Dose Ketamine Infusions for Highly Opioid-Tolerant Adults Following Spinal Surgery: A Retrospective Before-and-after Study.
Managing acute-on-chronic pain in opioid-tolerant individuals is complex and challenging; exploring new analgesia regimens for this population is essential. Ketamine is an N-methyl D-aspartate antagonist that blocks transmission of painful stimuli and could be a useful medication for this patient population. A new low-dose ketamine protocol as an adjunct to conventional pain therapy was implemented in a major urban Level 1 trauma center in Canada. ⋯ There were no statistically significant differences between conventional therapy and conventional therapy plus ketamine. Ketamine may still be of benefit to patients with acute-on-chronic pain, although this was not evident in this study. Future research using more robust assessment tools to determine effectiveness of ketamine is required.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study
The Effect of Distraction on Pain Level Felt by School-age Children During Venipuncture Procedure-Randomized Controlled Trial.
The experimental study that follows was planned to determine the effectiveness of distraction on the pain level in school-age children as they underwent venipuncture. The study sample consisted of children between the ages of 7 and 12 years who underwent venipuncture at the Training and Research Hospital in Istanbul, Turkey between February and May 2012. ⋯ During the blood draw, the experimental group was given a kaleidoscope and told to look through it and describe what they saw, then rate their pain level on the FPS-R. Results showed that during venipuncture, the pain level of the control group was significantly higher (FPS-R = 3.27 ± 2.87) than the experimental group (FPS-R = 1.80 ± 1.84; p = .001) suggesting that distraction with a kaleidoscope is effective in reducing the pain children experience during venipuncture.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Ability of the Pain Recognition and Treatment (PRT) Protocol to Reduce Expressions of Pain among Institutionalized Residents with Dementia: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.
Many strategies have been used to improve pain management in institutionalized care settings, but there is no consensus on the effects of these methods. The study purpose was to compare the effect of a Pain Recognition and Treatment (PRT) protocol coupled with basic pain education (experimental group) versus basic pain education alone (control group) in (1) improving the pain management performance of registered nurses (RNs) and (2) reducing pain-related expressions of residents with dementia postintervention and at 3-month follow up. A double-blind cluster randomized controlled trial with a 3-month follow-up period was conducted with 195 residents of six dementia special-care units. ⋯ Residents in the experimental group had significantly fewer verbal and behavioral expressions of pain compared to those in the control group. However, the groups did not differ significantly in the use of pharmacological strategies or the agitated behaviors expressed by residents. The PRT protocol is effective and is recommended for routine use in residents with dementia to improve the quality of pain care.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
The Effect of Preintervention Preparation on Pain and Anxiety Related to Peripheral Cannulation Procedures in Children.
This study was performed to determine the effect of several preintervention preparation practices on pain and anxiety related to the peripheral cannulation procedure in children ages 9-12 years. The study included 60 Turkish children (28 female, 32 male, randomly selected by lot), 30 of whom were included in the intervention group and 30 of whom were included in the control group. The children's demographic data were collected by a data collection form prepared by the researcher. ⋯ In conclusion, children in this study experienced pain and situational anxiety during peripheral cannulation, and this pain can be reduced by preparing the child in advance of the procedure. It is suggested that children should be informed about and able to practice the procedure on a toy or model before peripheral cannulation. Preparation of the children to painful procedures in accordance with their cognitive development can reduce anxiety and pain.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Multicenter Study
Face-to-face Information and Emotional Support from Trained Nurses Reduce Pain During Screening Mammography: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial.
Pain and discomfort during breast examination can affect a woman's adherence to breast cancer-screening programs. The aim of this study was to determine whether a nursing intervention protocol that provides verbal information and support to women could reduce pain during mammography. A randomized controlled trial of 436 Spanish women aged 50-69 who attended a breast-screening program was performed. ⋯ Consequently, the probability of feeling pain during mammography was lower among women in the experimental group (OR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.24-0.81). The intervention was more effective among women with the highest anxiety levels (OR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.11-0.98), who did not expect pain (OR = 0.28; 95% CI: 0.08-0.97), and who did not fear the outcome of the mammography (OR = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.04-0.85). Providing verbal information, as well as supporting the women during the test, is a simple and achievable intervention for nurses and can help to reduce pain during screening mammography.