The lancet oncology
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The lancet oncology · Feb 2019
ReviewPharmacologic management of cognitive impairment induced by cancer therapy.
Cognitive dysfunction is a challenging adverse effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy that has limited treatment options. Clinical trials for proposed pharmacotherapeutic interventions to help manage these cognitive symptoms have had conflicting results and no standard of care has yet been established. Pharmacotherapeutic approaches for cancer therapy-induced cognitive symptoms include CNS stimulants (eg, methylphenidate and modafinil), medications used in patients with memory impairment (eg, donepezil, memantine, and ginkgo biloba), and bone marrow supporting agents (eg, erythropoietin). ⋯ Therefore, large clinical trials for these putative memory-enhancing drugs are needed to establish their clinical value in an oncology setting. Several clinical trials testing novel pharmacotherapeutic interventions for the management of cognitive dysfunction are ongoing, as well as numerous preclinical studies. With an increasing understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits in patients with cancer, novel treatment strategies are emerging.
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The lancet oncology · Feb 2019
ReviewTowards an evidence-informed value scale for surgical and radiation oncology: a multi-stakeholder perspective.
Surgery and radiotherapy, two locoregional cancer treatments, are essential to help improve cancer outcomes, control, and palliation. The continued evolution in treatment processes, techniques, and technologies-often at substantially increased costs-demands for direction on outcomes that are most valued by patients, and the evidence that is required before clinical adoption of these practices. Three recently introduced frameworks-the European Society for Medical Oncology Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale, the American Society of Clinical Oncology Value Framework, and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Blocks-which all help define the value of oncology treatments, were appraised with a focus on their methods and definition of patient benefit. ⋯ Findings show that these frameworks are not immediately transferable to locoregional cancer treatments. Moreover, the lack of emphasis on patient perspective and the reliance on traditional, trial-based endpoints such as survival, disease-free survival, and safety, calls for a new framework that includes real-world evidence with focus on the whole spectrum of patient-centred endpoints. Such an evidence-informed value scale would safeguard against the proliferation of low-value innovation while simultaneously increasing access to treatments that show significant improvements in the outcomes of cancer care.