Emergency medicine journal : EMJ
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Cannulation of children is often required for administration of intravenous fluids and medications, but can cause pain and anxiety. Amethocaine and a eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics (EMLA) cream are two of the most commonly used local anaesthetic creams. ⋯ Based on the evidence reviewed here and considering analgesic properties and cost-savings associated with both creams, a weak recommendation can be issued in favour of Amethocaine cream for cannulation in children based on high-quality evidence but where the treatment choice will depend on other factors including cost and provider preference.
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Observational Study
Arterial lactate levels in an emergency department are associated with mortality: a prospective observational cohort study.
Lactate measurements are routinely carried out in emergency departments and are associated with increased mortality in septic patients. However, no definitive research has been carried out into whether lactate measurements can be used as a prognostic marker in a clinically unwell population in the emergency department. ⋯ A single arterial lactate measurement on presentation to the emergency department predicts 30-day mortality independent of other measures of illness severity.
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Review Case Reports
BET 2: The use of age-related D-dimers to rule out deep vein thrombosis.
A short cut review was carried out to establish whether the use of age-adjusted D-dimer cut-offs is better than the standard, unadjusted diagnostic cut-off for excluding the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the Emergency Department. Three studies were directly relevant to the question. The author, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results and study weaknesses of these papers are tabulated. The clinical bottom line is that the use of an age-adjusted D-dimer cut-off in patients aged over 50 years increases the ability to safely exclude DVT in patients with low clinical probability without the need for ultrasound scanning.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study
Randomised trial of the fascia iliaca block versus the '3-in-1' block for femoral neck fractures in the emergency department.
Femoral neck fractures are a common and painful injury. Femoral nerve blocks, and a variant of this technique termed the '3-in-1' block, are often used in this patient group, but their effect is variable. The fascia iliaca compartment block (FIB) has been proposed as an alternative, but the relative effectiveness of the two techniques in the early stages of care is unknown. We therefore compared the FIB versus the 3-in-1 block in a randomised trial conducted in two UK emergency departments. ⋯ FIB is equivalent to the 3-in-1 block for immediate pain relief in adult neck of femur fractures.