Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft
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The purpose of this study was to determine whether any correlation exists between the level of entry of vertebral arteries (VAs) into the foramen transversarium (FT) and their anomalous course or diameter. To our knowledge there are no studies in the literature concerning the diameter of the vertebral artery (VA) as an impact factor on entrance level. ⋯ The left vertebral arteries arising directly from the aortic arch are often more hypoplastic and often enter the foramen transversarium at a different level from the C6 vertebrae. In patients with hypoplastic VA detected on the basis of ultrasound Color Doppler examination, the presence of anomalies must be considered when planning surgical treatment.
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The objective of this research was to produce high-quality sectioned images of a whole dog which can be used to create sectional anatomy atlases and three-dimensional (3D) models. A year old female beagle was sacrificed by potassium chloride injection and frozen. The frozen dog was then serially ground using a cryomacrotome. ⋯ Segmented images were reconstructed to make surface models of 16 structures using Mimics software and stored in portable document format (PDF) using Adobe 3D Reviewer software. In this research, state-of-art sectioned images and surface models were produced for the dog. The authors hope that the sectioned images produced will become a useful source of software for basic and clinical veterinary medicine, and therefore, are distributing the sectioned images and surface models through browsing software and PDF file available free of charge.