Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine
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Pharmgenomics Pers Med · Jan 2020
ReviewRepurposing Drugs for COVID-19: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine.
A new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has been identified as the etiological agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome, COVID-19, the source and cause of the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic. Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine have gathered extraordinary attention as therapeutic candidates against SARS-CoV-2 infections. While there is growing scientific data on the therapeutic effect, there is also concern for toxicity of the medications. The therapy of COVID-19 by hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine is off-label. Studies to analyze the personalized effect and safety are lacking. ⋯ Knowledge of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenomics of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine is necessary for effective and safe dosing and to avoid treatment failure and severe complications.
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Pharmgenomics Pers Med · Jan 2020
Pharmacist Consult Reports to Support Pharmacogenomics Report Interpretation.
The clinical implementation of pharmacogenomics (PGx) has often involved teams that include pharmacists. PGx laboratories often provide baseline information within the laboratory report that is based on Food and Drug Administration and Clinical Pharmacogenomics Implementation Consortium guidance, but information is often provided independent of concurrent disease states or medication use, among other clinical factors. Major challenges to widescale implementation of PGx include lack of physician experience or confidence in interpreting the data. The purpose of this paper is to describe how pharmacists can help further personalize PGx information and identify clinical recommendations for a given patient. ⋯ While PGx provides another opportunity for pharmacotherapy personalization, PGx data must be considered within the context of other patient-specific factors. Pharmacists were able to streamline the PGx report flags and identify other pharmacotherapy interventions following application of patient-specific data, thereby developing a brief report of recommendations for the patient's prescriber(s). Engaging clinical pharmacists in the PGx clinical decision process may help to facilitate more widespread PGx implementation.
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Pharmgenomics Pers Med · Jan 2019
Knowledge And Attitudes Of Pharmacy Students Towards Pharmacogenomics Among Universities In Jordan And West Bank Of Palestine.
Testing by pharmacogenomics (PGx) aims to reduce the side-effects of medicines and to optimize therapy. ⋯ Pharmacy students had fair knowledge and good attitudes towards PGx. These factors could aid application of PGx in clinical practice in Jordan and WBP.
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Pharmgenomics Pers Med · Jan 2017
DNA methylation at the mu-1 opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) promoter predicts preoperative, acute, and chronic postsurgical pain after spine fusion.
The perioperative pain experience shows great interindividual variability and is difficult to predict. The mu-1 opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) is known to play an important role in opioid-pain pathways. Since deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation is a potent repressor of gene expression, DNA methylation was evaluated at the OPRM1 promoter, as a predictor of preoperative, acute, and chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP). ⋯ Novel CPSP biomarkers were identified in an active regulatory region of the OPRM1 gene that binds multiple transcription factors. Inhibition of binding by DNA methylation potentially decreases the OPRM1 gene expression, leading to a decreased response to endogenous and exogenous opioids, and an increased pain experience.
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Pharmgenomics Pers Med · Jan 2015
ReviewGenomic profiling toward precision medicine in non-small cell lung cancer: getting beyond EGFR.
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The application of next-generation genomic technologies has offered a more comprehensive look at the mutational landscape across the different subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). ⋯ This review looks at the current treatment paradigms for lung adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, examining genomic aberrations that dictate therapy selection, as well as novel therapeutic strategies for tumors harboring mutations in KRAS, TP53, and LKB1 which, to date, have been considered "undruggable". A more thorough understanding of the molecular alterations that govern NSCLC tumorigenesis, aided by next-generation sequencing, will lead to targeted therapeutic options expected to dramatically reduce the high mortality rate observed in lung cancer.