Articles: traumatic-brain-injuries.
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Astaxanthin (ATX) is a carotenoid pigment with pleiotropic pharmacological properties that is seen as a possible drug for treating cerebral ischemic injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Na+-K+-2Cl- co-transporter-1 (NKCC1), an intrinsic membrane protein expressed by many cell types, is activated by various insults, leading to the formation of cell swelling and brain edema. We previously established that ATX attenuated brain edema and improved neurological outcomes by modulating NKCC1 expression after traumatic brain injury in mice. This paper explored the molecular mechanism of ATX-mediated inhibition of NKCC1 utilizing an in vitro astrocyte stretch injury model. ⋯ ATX attenuates apoptosis after stretch injury in cultured astrocytes by inhibiting NKCC1 expression, and it acts by reducing the expression of NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory factors.
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Disorder of consciousness (DOC) is a state of prolonged altered consciousness, which can be categorized into coma, vegetative state, or minimally conscious state based on neurobehavioral function. The pathophysiology of DOC is poorly understood but recent advances in neuroimaging and advanced electrophysiological techniques may provide an improved understanding for the neural network involved with consciousness. The primary aim of DOC rehabilitation programs is to promote arousal while preventing secondary medical complications while providing education and training to families. Treatment interventions include both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic programs, but there are currently no consensus treatment guidelines for individuals with DOC.
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The Helsinki computed tomography (CT) scoring system was developed to predict long-term outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) 2 years ago; however, it has not yet been external validated. This study aimed to determine whether this system could be used as an independent predictor for TBI. ⋯ The Helsinki CT score showed good prognostic discrimination and can be used as an independent predictor for long-term outcome prediction in patients with TBI.