Articles: traumatic-brain-injuries.
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Review Case Reports
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy in Traumatic Brain Injury.
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) is a well-known complication after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and has been rarely described in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). ⋯ Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is under-recognized after TBI and may negatively impact outcome if left untreated.
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Preclinical studies using bone marrow derived cells to treat traumatic brain injury have demonstrated efficacy in terms of blood-brain barrier preservation, neurogenesis, and functional outcomes. Phase 1 clinical trials using bone marrow mononuclear cells infused intravenously in children with severe traumatic brain injury demonstrated safety and potentially a central nervous system structural preservation treatment effect. This study sought to confirm the safety, logistic feasibility, and potential treatment effect size of structural preservation/inflammatory biomarker mitigation in adults to guide Phase 2 clinical trial design. ⋯ There appears to be a treatment signal as evidenced by central nervous system structural preservation, consistent with previous pediatric trial data. Inflammatory biomarkers are downregulated after cell infusion. Stem Cells 2016 Video Highlight: https://youtu.be/UiCCPIe-IaQ Stem Cells 2017;35:1065-1079.
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Review Case Reports
Isolated internuclear ophthalmoplegia after massive supratentorial epidural hematoma: a case report and review of literature.
Isolated internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is rare, with most reported patients having minor head injuries. We report a patient with INO after a massive supratentorial epidural hematoma. We review the literature published since 1966, to summarize the mechanisms of injury and clinical outcomes of INO after TBI. ⋯ INO should be in the differential diagnosis of patients with TBI with an adduction deficit, despite the rarity of the condition. Isolated INO is a relatively benign sequela of TBI, with all but 1 reported patient achieving at least partial recovery over 12 months.
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Molecular neurobiology · Apr 2017
ReviewAnalysis of the Role of CX3CL1 (Fractalkine) and Its Receptor CX3CR1 in Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury: Insight into Recent Advances in Actions of Neurochemokine Agents.
CX3CL1 (fractalkine) is the only member of the CX3C (delta) subfamily of chemokines which is unique and combines the properties of both chemoattractant and adhesion molecules. The two-form ligand can exist either in a soluble form, like all other chemokines, and as a membrane-anchored molecule. CX3CL1 discloses its biological properties through interaction with one dedicated CX3CR1 receptor which belongs to a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). ⋯ Recent evidence has implicated the role of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis in neuroinflammatory processes occurring after CNS injuries. The importance of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis in the pathophysiology of TBI and SCI in the context of systemic and direct local immune response is still under investigation. This paper, based on a review of the literature, updates and summarizes the current knowledge about CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis involvement in TBI and SCI pathogenesis, indicating possible molecular and cellular mechanisms with a potential target for therapeutic intervention.