Articles: disease.
-
This descriptive study systematically described the quality and intensity of adolescents' pain during the progression of labor. The Gaston-Johansson Pain-o-Meter was administered to 33 adolescents during the three labor phases (2-4 cm, 5-7 cm, and 8-10 cm) following a contraction. The most frequently selected sensory words were cramping in Phase I and pressing in Phases II and III. ⋯ At-test of independent samples found that quality and intensity pain scores for primiparous and multiparous adolescent participants were not significantly different during the progression of labor. The findings of the study illustrate the value of using objective measures, such as the Gaston-Johansson Pain-O-Meter and the Gaston-Johansson Pain-O-Meter Visual Analogue Scale, to assess pain during labor. The study also demonstrated that nurses can use these tools with minimal training.
-
To examine rates of HIV-1 and sexually transmitted disease (STD) among pregnant and postpartum women in urban Malawi, Africa. ⋯ Among urban childbearing women in Malawi, incidence of HIV is highest among young women while, currently, prevalence is highest among older women. Recent declines in STD prevalence suggest that HIV prevention programs are having an impact either through improved STD diagnosis and treatment or reduced risk behaviors. Sequential cross-sectional STD prevalence measures may be useful in monitoring effectiveness of STD and HIV prevention activities.
-
To assess the effects of HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted infections on pregnancy, we undertook cross-sectional and prospective studies of a rural population in Rakai district, Uganda. ⋯ Pregnancy prevalence is greatly reduced in HIV-1-infected women, owing to lower rates of conception and increased rates of pregnancy loss. HIV-1 surveillance confined to pregnant women underestimates the magnitude of the HIV-1 epidemic in the general population.
-
Bull. World Health Organ. · Jan 1998
Outbreak of viral hepatitis B in a rural community in India linked to inadequately sterilized needles and syringes.
In India, virtually all outbreaks of viral hepatitis are considered to be due to faeco-orally transmitted hepatitis E virus. Recently, a cluster of 15 cases of viral hepatitis B was found in three villages in Gujarat State. ⋯ But for the many fatalities within 2-3 weeks of the onset of illness, the outbreak would have gone unnoticed. The findings emphasize the importance of inadequately sterilized needles and syringes in the transmission of viral hepatitis B in India, the need to strengthen the routine surveillance system, and to organize an education campaign targeting all health care workers including private practitioners, especially those working in rural areas, as well as the public at large, to take all possible measures to prevent this often fatal infection.
-
Bull. World Health Organ. · Jan 1998
Multicenter Study Clinical TrialEfficacy and safety of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) for visceral leishmaniasis in endemic developing countries.
Reported are the results of a study to determine the efficacy and safety of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) for treating visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in several developing countries where the disease is endemic (Brazil, India, and Kenya). At each study site, sequential cohorts of 10 patients each were treated with AmBisome at a dose of 2 mg.kg-1.day-1 (2 MKD). The first cohort received regimen 1:2 MKD on days 1-6 and day 10 (total dose: 14 mg/kg). ⋯ In Brazil, regimen 1 was only partially curative: 5 of 13 patients (62%). Therefore, 15 patients were administered regimen 4 (2 MKD for 10 consecutive days; total dose, 20 mg/kg) and 13 patients were cured (83%). These results suggest that for the treatment of kala-azar the following doses of AmBisome should be administered: in India and Kenya, 2 mg/kg on days 1-4 and day 10; and in Brazil, 2 mg/kg on days 1-10.