Articles: disease.
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Bull Pan Am Health Organ · Mar 1996
Widespread HIV counseling and testing linked to a community-based tuberculosis control program in a high-risk population.
The aim of the work reported here was to evaluate community-wide screening for HIV infection that was linked to a tuberculosis control program in a population at high risk for both infections. Between May 1990 and August 1992, adults in Cité Soleil, Haiti, were recruited by community health workers at their homes and in clinics for individual, clinic-based counseling and testing for HIV and tuberculosis. All of the screened subjects were offered post-test HIV counseling. ⋯ The high prevalence of HIV infection found in this screened population, as compared to other groups undergoing HIV screening in the same community, suggests that people at high risk for HIV infection selectively sought or accepted tuberculosis clinic screening. Also, many people with active tuberculosis were identified earlier in the course of their disease than they would have been in the absence of a screening program. Overall, the results indicate that community-based screening for HIV infection within a tuberculosis control program can result in effective targeting of screening for both infections.
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This article presents a general review of the major trends in the conceptualization, development, and success of case-control methods for the study of disease causation and prevention. "Recent work on nested case-control, case-cohort, and two-stage case control designs demonstrates the continuing impact of statistical thinking on epidemiology. The influence of R. ⋯ Fisher's work on these developments is mentioned wherever possible. His objections to the drawing of causal conclusions from observational data on cigarette smoking and lung cancer are used to introduce the problems of measurement error and confounding bias."
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Am. J. Clin. Pathol. · Feb 1996
AIDS-related lymphoma in Brazil. Histopathology, immunophenotype, and association with Epstein-Barr virus.
The occurrence of malignant lymphoma is an increasingly important cause of morbidity and mortality in AIDS patients. The incidence of AIDS-related lymphoma in some developing countries such as Brazil is increasing as the survival of HIV infection has improved. Although there is a clear association between several types of immunodeficiency-related lymphomas and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the association of EBV infection in AIDS-related lymphoma in Brazil, where the incidence of AIDS is high, is unknown. ⋯ AIDS-related lymphomas in Brazil are usually of large cell/immunoblastic type, but Hodgkin's disease is also seen. Both non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease are often associated with EBV infection. The non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is predominantly of B-cell phenotype.
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Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. · Jan 1996
[Increasing use of cesarean section, even in developing countries].
At Kaziba hospital in rural Zaire, the frequency of deliveries by Caesarean section rose from 6.2% in 1971 to 12% in 1992, and the fraction of repeated sections rose from 17% to 49%. During the same period, the overall maternal mortality decreased from 0.3% to 0.12%, and deaths connected with Caesarean section from 3.2% to 0.7%, but still the risk of dying remained 13 times higher for births by Caesarean section compared with vaginal deliveries. The frequency of vacuum deliveries was halved during the period, and mean birth weight decreased by about 100 g. ⋯ Operations carried out by persons other than physicians were complicated by wound infections at a higher rate (20.8%) than those carried out by experienced doctors (11.2%). In areas with a poorly developed health system, a high rate of Caesarean section represents a hazard to maternal health. The need for knowledge about alternative methods like vaginal extraction, symphyseotomy and active management of labour is underlined.
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The Journal of pediatrics · Jan 1996
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical TrialA double-blind clinical trial comparing World Health Organization oral rehydration solution with a reduced osmolarity solution containing equal amounts of sodium and glucose.
To compare the safety and efficacy of an oral rehydration solution (ORS) containing 75 mmol/L of sodium and glucose each with the standard World Health Organization (WHO) ORS among Egyptian children with acute diarrhea. ⋯ The reduced osmolarity ORS has beneficial effects on the clinical course of acute diarrhea in children by reducing stool output, and the proportion of children with vomiting during the rehydration phase, and by reducing the need for supplemental intravenous therapy. These results provide support for the use of a reduced osmolarity ORS in children with acute noncholera diarrhea.