Articles: disease.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Multicenter Study
Safety and immunogenicity of a single-shot live-attenuated chikungunya vaccine: a double-blind, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.
VLA1553 is a live-attenuated vaccine candidate for active immunisation and prevention of disease caused by chikungunya virus. We report safety and immunogenicity data up to day 180 after vaccination with VLA1553. ⋯ Valneva, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation, and EU Horizon 2020.
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Type 1 diabetes is a chronic disease caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells. Individuals with type 1 diabetes are reliant on insulin for survival. ⋯ Studies aimed at blocking the immune attack on β cells in people at risk or individuals with very early onset type 1 diabetes show promise in preserving endogenous insulin production. This Seminar will review the field of type 1 diabetes, highlighting recent progress within the past 5 years, challenges to clinical care, and future directions in research, including strategies to prevent, manage, and cure the disease.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third most common cause of death around the world. The affected patients suffer not only from impaired lung function, but also from a wide variety of comorbidities. Their cardiac comorbidities, in particular, lead to increased mortality. ⋯ As patients with COPD are often multimorbid, the early diagnosis and adequate treatment not only of their lung disease, but also of their extrapulmonary comorbidities are very important. Well-established diagnostic instruments and well-tested treatments are available and are described in detail in the guidelines concerning the comorbidities. Preliminary observations suggest that more attention should be paid to the potential positive effects of treating comorbidities on the lung disease itself, and vice versa.
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Pol. Arch. Med. Wewn. · Jun 2023
Role of metformin in the management of type 2 diabetes: recent advances.
Metformin is one of the oldest antidiabetic medications, commonly used in the management of type 2 diabetes. Its mechanism of action is based on reducing glucose production in the liver, decreasing insulin resistance, and increasing insulin sensitivity. The drug has been studied extensively and has been shown to be effective in lowering blood glucose levels without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia. ⋯ According to current guidelines, metformin can be used as the first‑line agent in the management of diabetes; however, in individuals with type 2 diabetes who would benefit from cardio‑renal protection, newer agents, such as sodium‑glucose cotransporter‑2 inhibitors and glucagon‑like peptide‑1 receptor agonists, are favored as the first‑line therapy. The novel classes of antidiabetic medications have demonstrated significant positive effects on glycemia with added benefits in patients with obesity, renal disease, heart failure, and cardiovascular disease. The emergence of these more effective agents has significantly altered the way diabetes is managed, thus prompting re‑evaluation of metformin as the initial therapy for all patients with diabetes.