Articles: cations.
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Comment Letter
Application of Transcranial Sonography in Postcranioplasty.
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In the publication of this article [1], there are two errors in contributing author affiliations. This has now been included in this correction article.
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Sepsis is life-threatening organ dysfunction because of a dysregulated host response to infection. Disturbed microvascular blood flow is associated with excess mortality and is a potential future target for interventions. This review addresses the evidence for pharmacological manipulation of the microcirculation in sepsis assessed by techniques that evaluate the sublingual microvasculature. ⋯ There is no robust evidence to date that any one agent can reproducibly lead to improved microvascular flow. Furthermore, no study demonstrated outcome benefit of one therapeutic agent over another. Updated consensus guidelines could improve comparable reporting of measurements and reduce bias, to enable meaningful comparisons around the effects of individual pharmacological agents.
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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the plasma mediate important intercellular communications in the pathogenesis of cancer and inflammatory diseases. EVs express integrins that regulate target specificities and programmed cell death ligand 1 and 2 (PD-L1 and 2) that suppress lymphocyte activation. However, the roles of these molecules on EVs in systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis remain little understood. ⋯ Furthermore, EV expression of β2 integrin in sepsis patients correlated with hypotension and reduced kidney function. In addition, soluble PD-L1 levels correlated with sepsis severity, impaired kidney function, and impaired central nervous system function. These results suggest the potential involvements of the EV β2 integrin, as well as EV PD-L2 and soluble PD-L1, in the septic pathogenesis that occurs with the systemic immune activation leading to multiple organ dysfunctions.