Articles: cations.
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The main indication for carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is severity of carotid artery stenosis, even though most strokes in carotid disease are embolic. The relationship between carotid plaque volume (CPV) and symptoms of cerebral ischaemia, and the measurement of CPV by minimally invasive tomographic ultrasound imaging, were investigated. ⋯ CPV correlated with symptoms of cerebral ischaemia, but not carotid stenosis. It could be a potential indicator for CEA.
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Congenital absence of C2 posterior arch may present with C2-C3 dislocation. Previously these cases were managed by fusing occiput-C1-C4 without including C2 in the construct. Such constructs are likely to immobilize the long segment of the cervical spine, and exclusion of C2 may not yield the best result. ⋯ Absence of the posterior arch of axis may be associated with adjacent C1-C2 along with C2-C3 dislocation, so both levels need to be addressed. The radiology should be critically evaluated for other structures developing from the C2 neural arch. It is important to include C2 to achieve a stable construct without compromising adjacent-level mobility.