Articles: cations.
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The surgical approach to the petrous apex (PA) and petroclival junction (PCJ) remains a challenge. The carotid-clival window (CCW) represents the widest window available to approach the PCJ from a mediolateral endoscopic route. Here we define the CCW radiologically in nonpathological conditions, to establish the anatomic variability of the PCJ, relate this variability to pneumatization patterns, and evaluate some technical concerns conditioned by the CCW. ⋯ The CCW varies widely among individuals. The presence of pneumatization behind the paraclival carotid represents an advantageous characteristic when planning an endoscopic approach to the PCJ.
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The role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in physiological processes and disease is poorly understood. The hypothesis tested in this study was that selective alpha7 acetylcholine receptor (α7AChR) agonist, GTS-21, releases IL-6 in association with myonuclear accretion and enhances insulin signaling in muscle cells, and improves survival of burn injured (BI) mice. The in vitro effects of GTS-21 were determined in C2C12 myoblasts and 7-day differentiated myotubes (myotubes). ⋯ The 75% mortality in burned WT mice was reduced to 0% with GTS-21. The in vitro findings suggest that GTS-21-induced IL-6 release from muscle is mediated via α7AChRs upstream of Stat-3 and -5 pathways and is associated with myonuclear accretion, possibly via MyoD and Pax7 expression. GTS-21 in vivo improves survival in burned WT mice and IL6KO mice, suggesting a potential therapeutic application of α7AChR agonists in the treatment of BI.
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We aimed to evaluate long-term surgical outcomes in patients treated for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy compared with a similar group of patients who underwent a preoperative evaluation. ⋯ Our study found that, although surgical treatment was effective, its impact on social indicators was modest. Moreover, the self-reported quality of life relied not only on seizure control but also on depressive symptoms and antiepileptic drug burden.
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The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Ω3 fatty acids (Ω3FA) on fatty and lean liver in hepatic surgery. ⋯ Ω3FA revealed multiple beneficial effects in fatty and lean livers in mice. The improvements in I/R injury, regenerative capacity, and oncological outcomes await confirmatory studies in humans.