Articles: cations.
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The development of myocardial dysfunction in patients with hemorrhagic shock is significantly impacted by the patient age. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a pivotal orchestrator of energy homeostasis, which coordinates metabolic recovery after cellular stress. We investigated whether AMPK-regulated pathways are age-dependent in hemorrhage-induced myocardial injury and whether AMPK activation by 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside (AICAR) affords cardioprotective effects. ⋯ However, AICAR therapeutic effects were less effective in mature mice than young mice and involved distinct mechanisms of action. Thus, our data demonstrate that during hemorrhagic shock AMPK-dependent metabolic mechanisms are important for mitigating myocardial injury. However, these mechanisms are less competent with age.
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To evaluate risk factors for lymph node (LN) metastasis in mucosal gastric cancer, particularly the effect of cellular differentiation, and implications for the indication of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). ⋯ Because UD-type cancer is a risk factor for LN metastasis in mucosal gastric cancer, ESD cannot be concluded to be a better option than surgery in all UD-type cancer patients. Redefinition of the expanded indication of ESD is required.