Articles: pain-management.
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Ann Acad Med Singap · Mar 1994
Recent progress in cancer pain management and palliative care in Japan.
One out of every four deaths in Japan is due to cancer, so that health-care workers and the lay public have gradually become aware of the importance of cancer pain relief and palliative care in recent years. In 1984, the feasibility and effectiveness of the WHO method for relief of cancer pain was demonstrated in Japanese cancer patients. ⋯ These activities resulted in a 35-fold increase in the annual consumption of morphine preparations for medical purposes between 1979 and 1992. However, the annual consumption per capita is still much smaller than that in other developed countries, indicating the need for further information dissemination and professional education in the implementation of palliative care programmes.
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Systemic analgesia is used in obstetrics to alleviate the pain in labour and to prevent adverse effects on the fetus due to maternal pain and stress and subsequent complications such as prolonged labour. To supplement psychological support tranquillizers such as diazepam are useful in allaying anxiety and increasing patients' acceptance of labour. Possible side-effects include neonatal hypothermia and poor muscle tone of the newborn when large doses are given. ⋯ Thus, in many cases adequate pain relief afforded to parturients by systemic analgesia may result in altered adaptive functions of the newborn. This makes it reasonable to consider alternative methods, including epidural anaesthesia, which is highly effective and fairly unproblematic. Drug administration in the management of labour pain can be recommended if only small doses are needed and in parturients who refuse regional anaesthesia or for whom it is contraindicated or not available.
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Ann Acad Med Singap · Mar 1994
ReviewCurrent approaches to the management of cancer pain: a review.
Pain, which is among the most prevalent symptoms experienced by cancer patients, can be effectively treated. Patient assessment, the use of anticancer therapies and systemically administered non-opioid and opioid analgesics are pivotal. Practical aspects of opioid pharmacology include both drug selection, methods of analgesic administration: selection of the appropriate route, dose titration, and an understanding of the management of side effects. ⋯ Finally, the use of sedation in the management of patients with pain that is refractory to other interventions is addressed. This approach can provide adequate relief to the vast majority of patients, most of whom will respond to systemic pharmacotherapy alone. Patients with refractory pain should have access to specialists in pain management or palliative medicine to address these difficult problems.
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Ann Acad Med Singap · Mar 1994
Development of cancer pain relief and palliative care in the Philippines.
The article describes the development and progress of cancer pain relief and palliative care in the Philippines from 1986 onwards. The strategy employed was a stepwise progression that began with the establishment of government policy, followed by measures to improve availability and accessibility to oral morphine, and finally, continuing nationwide professional education. Key elements to successful implementation were the presence of a national cancer control programme; the active participation of the World Health Organization, the Department of Health, the Philippine College of Surgeons, and the Philippine Cancer Society Inc; and research development and utilisation. Data from three clinical studies are also presented, which showed the efficacy of the WHO Method of Cancer Pain Relief among samples of Philippine patients, and that cancer pain relief alone did not significantly improve overall quality of life, demonstrating the need for comprehensive palliative care.