Articles: anesthesia.
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Acta Anaesthesiol Belg · Jun 1985
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical TrialHormonal response in thoracic surgery. Effects of high-dose fentanyl anesthesia, compared to halothane anesthesia.
Thirty two patients undergoing cardiac thoracic surgery were randomly assigned into two groups: Patients of the first group received high dose fentanyl (50 micrograms/kg) at the induction and patients of the second group received halothane for the maintenance of anesthesia. All patients received N2O:O2 and pancuronium for muscle relaxation. Surgical stress, as evaluated by changes in blood pressure, heart rate, plasma cortisol and glucose levels, appeared in the halothane group but not in the fentanyl group. ⋯ Nevertheless two of these patients presented hypoventilation requiring intubation and naloxone administration. High dose fentanyl anesthesia may prove to be very useful in non cardiac thoracic surgery as it protects the patient from the stress of the operation and assures prolonged postoperative analgesia. When this technique is used one must always anticipate postoperative mechanical ventilation.
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Acta Anaesthesiol Scand · May 1985
Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical TrialEffect of a small dose of droperidol on nausea, vomiting and recovery after outpatient enflurane anaesthesia.
Young, healthy outpatients (100) undergoing restorative dentistry and/or oral surgery under enfluranenitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia were given 0.014 mg/kg of droperidol or a saline placebo i.v. in a double-blind random fashion 5 min after induction of anaesthesia to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting. Overall, less patients given droperidol were nauseated (18%) or vomited (7%) in comparison with patients given saline (27% and 11%, respectively). During the first postoperative hour, 4% of patients given droperidol were nauseated and 2% vomited, whereas 16% of patients given saline were nauseated and 6% vomited. ⋯ After 60 min, only one patient given droperidol and four patients who received saline and vomited took side steps or were unable to walk. Psychomotor performance was significantly (P less than 0.05) better in a perceptual speed test both 30 and 60 min after anaesthesia in patients receiving saline as compared to those given droperidol. It is concluded that although droperidol is a less effective antiemetic after outpatient than after inpatient enflurane anaesthesia, small doses of droperidol may be used for outpatients prone to vomiting to prevent delayed discharge from the clinic due to prolonged vomiting.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
Maternal and neonatal responses related to the volatile agent used to maintain anaesthesia at caesarean section.
A standardized technique of general anaesthesia, with one randomly selected variable, was provided for 237 patients undergoing elective and 540 undergoing emergency Caesarean section. The variable was the volatile agent used to maintain anaesthesia, the choice resting between trichloroethylene (0.2 or 0.3 vol.%) and halothane (0.2, 0.3, 0.4 or 0.5 vol.%). No association was found between the type of agent and the duration of anaesthesia, or the duration of either the I-D or the U-D interval. ⋯ The incidence of maternal awareness plus unpleasant dreams was unacceptably high when the lower concentrations were used, and it is recommended that either trichloroethylene 0.3 vol.% or halothane 0.4 or 0.5 vol.% be used. Neither agent, at these concentrations, was associated with neonatal depression in group A elective sections in which the fetus presented by the vertex, and although there was a possible tendency for their use in cases of fetal compromise to be associated with an increase in the incidence of neonatal respiratory depression, the degree of depression was of little consequence to neonatal well-being. It was confirmed that breech presentation and prolongation of the U-D interval are important determinants of depression and birth asphyxia among infants delivered by Caesarean section under general anaesthesia.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical Trial
[Aortofemoral bifurcation bypass--effect of anesthesia procedure (NLA, thoracic continuous catheter peridural anesthesia) on circulation, respiration and metabolism. Hemodynamic changes caused by peridural anesthesia and anesthesia induction].
In 50 patients scheduled for infrarenal aortic bypass surgery the cardiovascular effects of two anaesthetic regimes were investigated prior to surgery. A Swan-Ganz-catheter was used for haemodynamic measurements. These patients, having been randomized into two groups, were optimally volume loaded (PCWP 10 mmHg) before anaesthesia. In 24 patients a thoracic epidural was induced with 12-15 ml 0.25% plain bupivacaine. When segmental anaesthesia had extended from T4/5 to L1/2 general anaesthesia was additionally applied (flunitrazepam 1.5-2 mg, pancuronium bromide 0.1 mg/kg). In 26 patients neuroleptanaesthesia was induced (droperidol 0.1-0.2 mg/kg, fentanyl 0.01 mg/kg, pancuronium bromide 0.1 mg/kg, and thiopentone 100-150 mg. Haemodynamic measurements were made before injection into the epidural catheter, after complete spread of anaesthesia, before commencing general anaesthesia and 10-15 min thereafter. ⋯ Neither of the two procedures were associated with severe haemodynamic alterations. In the epidural group HR fell slightly during latency of complete spread and increased to the same extend following general anaesthesia. The epidural caused MAP (104 to 88 mmHg), mean PAP (20 to 14 mmHg), PCWP (10 to 7.5 mmHg), and RAP (4.5 to 2.5 mmHg) to decrease moderately but no further changes were effected by the subsequent general anaesthesia. SVR and PVR were not influenced by either epidural or by general anaesthesia. CI (3.6 to 3.41 . min-1 . m-2), LVSWI (67 to 52 p . m-1), and cardiac minute work index (55 to 40 J . min-1 . m-2) decreased during latency of complete spread but were no further influenced by general anaesthesia. The haemodynamic changes of neuroleptanaesthesia were almost identical to those of the combined epidural-general anaesthesia. For the operation which followed, a continuous infusion of 0.125 per cent plain bupivacaine (0.25 ml/kg X h) via epidural catheter (in combination with N2O/O2-anaesthesia) was sufficient for complete analgesia in the epidural group. These findings lead to the conclusion that a small bolus volume and a low concentration of bupivacaine result in good anaesthesia while avoiding serious haemodynamic alterations.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
Effects of the extradural administration of local anaesthetic agents and morphine on the urinary excretion of cortisol, catecholamines and nitrogen following abdominal surgery.
Twenty patients undergoing major abdominal surgery were allocated randomly to receive either general anaesthesia with low-dose fentanyl plus intermittent systemic morphine for postoperative pain or the same general anaesthetic plus extradural analgesia during and following surgery (local anaesthetics from before skin incision until 24 h after skin incision plus extradural morphine 4 mg every 12 h from 3 h to 72 h after skin incision). Postoperative pain scores were lower (P less than 0.05) in the group receiving extradural analgesia, but this regimen failed to prevent the increase in the urinary excretion of cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline and nitrogen both on separate days and on cumulative measurements over 4 days. Pain scores did not correlate to urinary excretion of the various endocrine-metabolic indices either on separate days or over the cumulative 4-day period. It is concluded that the relief of pain per se has no major influence on the catabolic response to abdominal surgery.