• Graham S Goh, Ryan Lohre, Javad Parvizi, and Danny P Goel.
• Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
• Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2021 Dec 1; 141 (12): 2303-2312.

BackgroundImmersive virtual reality (IVR), augmented reality and mixed reality form a spectrum of extended reality technology integration that has gained popularity in orthopaedics recently. This review article examines the role of extended reality technologies in knee arthroplasty.MethodsExisting literature on the applications of extended reality technologies in preoperative planning and intraoperative navigation were reviewed. A sample workflow of a novel IVR simulator for improving surgical training was also provided to demonstrate its utility in educating trainees on knee arthroplasty techniques.ResultsExtended reality technologies enable the surgeon to visualise patient-specific anatomy in real-time, enhancing preoperative planning and providing intraoperative guidance. IVR technology has the potential to revolutionise modern surgical training and optimise surgical performance in a cost-efficient manner, with current evidence demonstrating favourable immediate skill acquisition and transfer.ConclusionsExtended reality technologies have a myriad of potential applications in orthopaedic surgery. Further research is needed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of its incorporation into training programmes.© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

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