• Ratan Alexander, Habib E El-Moalem, and Tong J Gan.
• Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
• J Clin Anesth. 2002 May 1;14(3):187-92.

Study ObjectivesTo compare the efficacy of diclofenac sodium with ketorolac tromethamine in reducing postoperative morphine use after major orthopedic surgery.DesignDouble-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.SettingMajor teaching institution.Patients102 ASA physical status II patients undergoing hip and knee replacement with general anesthesia.InterventionsBefore induction of anesthesia, patients were randomly allocated to receive intravenously either diclofenac sodium 75 mg (Group D), ketorolac tromethamine 60 mg (Group K), or placebo (Group P). Patient-controlled analgesia was supplied postoperatively using morphine.MeasurementsVisual analog scale (VAS), verbal pain score (VPS), sedation score, frequency of opioid side effects, and morphine consumption were recorded every 4 hours.Main ResultsThere was a highly significant downward trend for VAS, VPS, and sedation scores over time, p = 0.001. The mean VAS and VPS scores were significantly lower in Groups D and K compared with Group P at time 0, p = 0.009 and 8 hours, p = 0.026. The mean (SD) 24-hour morphine requirements were 36.3 mg (16.9), 47.2 mg (34.9), and 51.6 mg (22.2) for Groups D, K, and P, respectively, p = 0.032. Fewer patients suffered from postoperative nausea and vomiting in the treatment groups (Groups D and K) compared with Group P (9, 8, and 19, respectively), p < 0.05. Fewer patients also suffered from pruritus in Groups D and K compared with Group P (3, 4, and 11, respectively), p < 0.01.ConclusionsPreoperative administration of intravenous diclofenac 75 mg or ketorolac 60 mg significantly reduces morphine requirements and associated side effects after major orthopedic surgery.

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