• Oswald D Kothgassner, Andreas Goreis, Ines Bauda, Amelie Ziegenaus, Lisa M Glenk, and Anna Felnhofer.
• Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. oswald.kothgassner@meduniwien.ac.at.
• Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 2022 Jan 1; 134 (Suppl 1): 49-59.

BackgroundVirtual reality (VR)-based biofeedback is a relatively new intervention and is increasingly being used for the treatment of anxiety disorders. This is the first research synthesis regarding effects and efficacy of this novel mode of treatment.MethodWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the VR biofeedback literature on treating anxiety symptoms. The MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched for eligible pre-post comparisons and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We used self-reported anxiety, heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV) as primary outcome measures.ResultsA total of 7 studies with 191 participants reported VR biofeedback interventions. Of these studies 5 were RCTs, with 103 participants receiving VR biofeedback and 99 control participants (either 2D biofeedback or waiting list controls). We found that VR biofeedback significantly lowers self-reported anxiety (g = -0.28) and HR (g = -0.45), but not HRV. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in outcomes between VR biofeedback and 2D biofeedback but a significant reduction in HR in the VR biofeedback group compared with the waiting list (g = -0.52).ConclusionWhile the first findings are optimistic, more controlled studies with a wider variety of samples are needed to bring this field forward. Particularly, children and adolescents may profit from the combination of gamification elements, VR, and biofeedback.© 2022. The Author(s).

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