• Chun Yip Chong, Aida Bustam, Muhaimin Noor Azhar, Abd Kursi Abdul Latif, Ramzuzaman Ismail, and Khadijah Poh.
• Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
• Am J Emerg Med. 2024 May 1; 79: 192419-24.

Background And ImportanceAcute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (ACPO) is a common indication for non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in the emergency department (ED). HACOR score of >5 is used to predict NIV failure. The predictive ability of HACOR may be affected by altered physiological parameters in ACPO patients due to medications or comorbidities.ObjectivesTo validate the HACOR scale in predicting NIV failure among acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (ACPO) patients.Design, Settings And ParticipantsThis is a prospective, observational study of consecutive ACPO patients requiring NIV admitted to the ED.Outcome Measure And AnalysisPrimary outcome was the ability of the HACOR score to predict NIV failure. Clinical, physiological, and HACOR score at baseline and at 1 h, 12 h and 24 h were analysed. Other potential predictors were assessed as secondary outcomes.Main ResultsA total of 221 patients were included in the analysis. Fifty-four (24.4%) had NIV failure. Optimal HACOR score was >5 at 1 h after NIV initiation in predicting NIV failure (AUC 0.73, sensitivity 53.7%, specificity 83.2%). As part of the HACOR score, respiratory rate and heart rate were not found to be significant predictors. Other significant predictors of NIV failure in ACPO patients were acute coronary syndrome, acute kidney injury, presence of congestive heart failure as a comorbid, and the ROX index.ConclusionsThe HACOR scale measured at 1 h after NIV initiation predicts NIV failure among ACPO patients with acceptable accuracy. The cut-off level > 5 could be a useful clinical decision support tool in ACPO patient. However, clinicians should consider other factors such as the acute coronary and acute kidney diagnosis at presentation, presence of underlying congestive heart failure and the ROX index when clinically deciding on timely invasive mechanical ventilation.Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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