• Emily G Oakes, Iliyan Vlasakov, Gregory Kotler, Vadim Bubes, Samia Mora, Raju Tatituri, Nancy R Cook, JoAnn E Manson, and Karen H Costenbader.
• Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Electronic address: eoakes@bwh.harvard.edu.
• Nutrition. 2024 Feb 28; 123: 112413112413.

ObjectivesWe assessed the joint effects of omega (n)-3 fatty acid supplementation and dietary fish intake on systemic lipid mediators of inflammation among adults.MethodsWithin VITAL, a double-blind randomized controlled trial, adults were randomized to ω-3 fatty acids (460 mg EPA + 380 mg DHA/d) or placebo. We selected participants who reported low (<1 serving/mo) baseline dietary fish intake and matched them by age, sex, race, and trial arm to participants with self-reported highest fish intake (≥3.9 servings/wk). Baseline and 1-y plasma samples were tested for 9 ω-3 fatty acid-derived lipid mediators. Multivariable linear models assessed lipid mediator changes and joint effects of ω-3 fatty acid supplementation and dietary fish intake.ResultsForty-eight participants with low baseline fish intake were matched to 48 with high fish intake. Mean age was 64.6 (±7.26), 50% were female, and 85% non-Hispanic white. One-year lipid mediator changes in expected directions were observed in those receiving ω-3 fatty acids versus placebo: reductions in proinflammatory mediators, PGD2, 5-HETE, and 12-HETE; increases in proresolving mediators, EPA and DHA. Larger 1-y lipid biomarker changes were seen in those with low baseline fish intake randomized to active ω-3 fatty acids for DHA, EPA, PGD2, Resolvin D1, and Resolvin D4 were observed, although no significant multiplicative interactions were detected.DiscussionBeneficial changes in circulating proresolving and proinflammatory mediators were found with 1-y of ω-3 fatty acid supplementation versus placebo for all participants, with a trend toward larger effects among those with low baseline fish intake, although interactions were not significant.Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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