• Haoqian Li, Butuo Li, Xiaoqing Wang, Huan Zhang, Chunni Wang, Bingjie Fan, and Linlin Wang.
• Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.
• Nutrition. 2024 Apr 5; 124: 112462112462.

PurposeImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have enhanced survival in advanced esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) patients, but their efficacy varies. Cachexia, characterized by muscle loss and significant weight loss, might influence ICI response. This study examines the relationship between cachexia's longitudinal changes and ICI outcomes in ESCC patients.MethodsESCC patients undergoing at least two ICI cycles from 2017 to 2021 were studied. Cachexia's baseline and evolving patterns during ICI treatment were observed. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to assess cachexia's effect on ICI efficacy. Chi-square tests were used to determine cachexia's link to immune-related adverse effects (irAEs).ResultsTwo hundred seventy-eight ICI-treated patients had a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 5.78 months and overall survival (OS) of 8.3 months. Pretreatment cachexia led to worse outcomes: PFS 7.87 versus 5.3 months, time to progression (TTP) 10.9 versus 6.1 months, and OS 14.3 versus 9.2 months. Irreversible cachexia showed the poorest results. Cachexia's changes weren't associated with irAEs.ConclusionBaseline and evolving cachexia significantly impact ICI efficacy in ESCC patients. Continuous cachexia monitoring during ICI therapy is crucial for optimal ESCC management.Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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