• H Kokki, K Tuovinen, and H Hendolin.
• Department of anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland.
• Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1999 Aug 1;43(7):775-9.

BackgroundEpidural opioid analgesia has become more popular for postoperative pain treatment in children. Epidural opioids are associated with adverse effects such as respiratory depression, excessive sedation, protracted vomiting, urinary retention and pruritus. Following minor surgery, ketoprofen has a synergistic effect with opioids, resulting in an improved analgesia without increase in incidence of adverse effects. To see whether this is also true following major surgery, we compared the effect of i.v. ketoprofen and placebo as an adjuvant to epidural sufentanil analgesia.MethodsA prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study design was used in 58 children, aged 1-15 years, receiving a standardised combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia. Intravenous ketoprofen or saline was provided as a bolus and a continuous infusion in addition to epidural sufentanil infusion, which was adjusted as clinically required. Epidural bupivacaine was used for rescue analgesia. The study drug infusion was discontinued when pain scores were <3 on a 0-10 scale for 6 h with an epidural sufentanil infusion rate of 0.03 microg kg(-1) h(-1).ResultsChildren in the ketoprofen group received less rescue analgesia (none/29 vs. 8/29 children in the placebo group). In the ketoprofen group, criteria to discontinue epidural sufentanil were achieved more often (14 vs. 6 children) before the end of the 72 h study period. Less children in the ketoprofen group suffered pruritus (13 vs. 4). The incidence of nausea/retching and vomiting was similar (11 vs. 12) in both groups.ConclusionIn this study, ketoprofen as a background analgesic to epidural sufentanil provided improved postoperative analgesia and reduced incidence of adverse effects of the epidural opioid.

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