• Neuroscience · Feb 2025

    Review

    Decoding multiple sclerosis: Unravelling the complexities of pathogenesis, progression, mechanisms and therapeutic innovations.

    • Rida ZainabSyedaSDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Electronic address: Zainabshah260@gmail.com., Zeb KhanJehanJDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Electronic address: jehanzeb@bs.qau.edu.pk., Khalid TipuMuhammadMDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Electronic address: mktipu@qau.edu.pk., Faryal Jahan, and Nadeem Irshad.
    • Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Electronic address: Zainabshah260@gmail.com.
    • Neuroscience. 2025 Feb 16; 567: 133149133-149.

    AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) targeting myelinated axons. Pathogenesis of MS entails an intricate genetic, environmental, and immunological interaction. Dysregulation of immune response i.e. autoreactive T & B-Cells and macrophage infiltration into the CNS leads to inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Disease progression of MS varies among individuals transitioning from one form of relapsing-remitting to secondary progressive MS (SPMS). Research advances have unfolded various molecular targets involved in MS from oxidative stress to blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Different pathways are being targeted so far such as inflammatory and cytokine signaling pathways to overcome disease progression. Therapeutic innovations have significantly transformed the management of MS, especially the use of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) to reduce relapse rates and control disease progression. Advancements in research, neuroprotective strategies, and remyelination strategies hold promising results in reversing CNS damage. Various mice models are being adopted for testing new entities in MS research.Copyright © 2024 International Brain Research Organization (IBRO). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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