• Ji-Hye Kwon, Jeayoun Kim, Hyean Yeo, Keoungah Kim, Jinsoo Rhu, Gyu-Seong Choi, Jongman Kim, Jae-Won Joh, Kyunga Kim, Min-Ji Kim, Ji Seon Jeong, Jong-Hwan Lee, Sangbin Han, Justin S Ko, Mi Sook Gwak, and Gaab Soo Kim.
• Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
• Anaesthesia. 2025 Jan 8.

BackgroundWhile evidence from preclinical and observational cohort studies have suggested potential disparities in tumour behaviour associated with the choice of intra-operative anaesthetics, clinical evidence of tumour recurrence and metastasis remains inconclusive. We aimed to compare the impact of intra-operative anaesthesia on oncologic outcomes following hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma.MethodsAdult patients scheduled for elective hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma were assigned randomly (1:1) to either propofol-based total intravenous anaesthesia or sevoflurane-based inhalational anaesthesia. For recurrence-free survival, overall survival, intrahepatic recurrence-free survival and extrahepatic recurrence-free survival, the survival curves of the two groups were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. The primary outcome was one-year recurrence-free survival.ResultsAmong the 536 patients enrolled, primary analysis comprised 228 and 226 patients in the total intravenous anaesthesia and sevoflurane-based inhalational anaesthesia groups, respectively. The probability of recurrence-free survival at one year was 79.1% (47 events) and 77.7% (50 events) in the total intravenous anaesthesia and sevoflurane-based inhalational anaesthesia groups, respectively (adjusted hazard ratio 1.04, 95%CI 0.72-1.52). The probability of intrahepatic and extrahepatic recurrence-free survival, as well as overall survival at one year, was not significantly different between total intravenous anaesthesia and sevoflurane-based inhalational anaesthesia: 81.3% (42 events) vs. 81.7% (41 events); 91.5% (19 events) vs. 88.8% (25 events); 99.1% (2 events) vs. 100.0% (no event), respectively. Subgroup analyses revealed that in patients undergoing open hepatectomy, total intravenous anaesthesia was associated with a significantly lower hazard of tumour recurrence or death (hazard ratio 0.49, 95%CI 0.25-0.95, p = 0.034), while in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery, no significant difference was observed (hazard ratio 1.14, 95%CI 0.73-1.80, p = 0.558).DiscussionIntra-operative anaesthesia technique did not affect postoperative recurrence and overall survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing hepatectomy.© 2025 Association of Anaesthetists.

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