• Antonios Boultadakis and Nikolaos Pitsikas.
• Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
• Anesthesiology. 2011 Jun 1;114(6):1345-53.

BackgroundThere is poor experimental evidence concerning the effects of anesthetic doses of the noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine on rodents' memory abilities. The current study was designed (1) to investigate the consequences of posttraining administration of anesthetic ketamine (100 mg/kg intraperitoneally) on rats' recognition memory and (2) to evaluate the ability of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME; 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally) to counteract the expected behavioral deficits produced by anesthetic ketamine. Finally, in an attempt to clarify if the expected memory impairments produced by anesthetic ketamine were related to the anesthesia, we also tested the effects of a subanesthetic dose of it (3 mg/kg intraperitoneally) on rats' recognition memory.MethodsThe novel object recognition test, a procedure assessing recognition memory in rats, was selected.ResultsPosttraining administration of anesthetic (but not of subanesthetic) ketamine disrupted rats' performance in the novel object recognition paradigm. The discrimination index (D) was decreased by ketamine from 0.415 (using saline) to 0.128, thus indicating that the anesthetic dose of ketamine impaired recognition memory. L-NAME (1-3, but not 10, mg/kg) reversed this memory deficit produced by ketamine; the D index of 0.128 using ketamine treatment was increased by 1 and 3 mg/kg L-NAME to 0.427 and 0.478, respectively.ConclusionsThe current results indicate that anesthetic ketamine impaired rats' posttraining memory components (storage and/or retrieval of information) and that a nitric oxide component modulates its behavioral effects.

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