• Sumito Sato, Ichiyo Shibahara, Yusuke Inoue, Takuichiro Hide, and Toshihiro Kumabe.
• Department of Neurosurgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan. Electronic address: sumito@med.kitasato-u.ac.jp.
• World Neurosurg. 2019 Mar 1; 123: 464-468.e1.

BackgroundHypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD) is a rare neurological condition of trans-synaptic degeneration caused by disruption of the dentatorubro-olivary pathway. We present new radiologic findings of HOD in 2 cases of brainstem lymphoma.Case DescriptionA 35-year-old woman (Case 1) and a 69-year-old man (Case 2) presented with remarkably similar clinical courses. The primary lesion was located at the dorsal pons extending to the midbrain. Pathologic diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was obtained after surgical resection. Complete remission of the primary lesion was achieved by treatment with 3 courses of high-dose methotrexate and radiotherapy. Arterial spin-labeling and T2-weighted imagings showed high signal intensity in the inferior olive (IO) at some time after the operation. Slight contrast enhancement in the IO was also found in Case 1. These radiologic findings nearly misled us into a diagnosis of recurrence of lymphoma. Signal intensity in the IO on arterial spin-labeling imaging changed with time. Normalized regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the IO was defined as a percentage of rCBF to the global cerebral blood flow calculated using automated software. Chronologic change in normalized rCBF in the IO revealed a large peak in Case 1, but only a mild increase in Case 2. Neurological findings demonstrated severe oculopalatal tremor in Case 1 and mild palatal tremor in Case 2.ConclusionsHyperperfusion and contrast enhancement in the IO were found in 2 patients with HOD. These findings may be confused with recurrence of malignant tumor.Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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