• Denise Mafra, Natalia A Borges, Ludmila Ferreira Medeiros de Franca Cardozo, Juliana S Anjos, Ana Paula Black, Cristiane Moraes, Peter Bergman, Bengt Lindholm, and Peter Stenvinkel.
• Post Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Post Graduation Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Electronic address: dmafra30@gmail.com.
• Nutrition. 2018 Feb 1; 46: 26-32.

AbstractRed meat is an important dietary source of high biological value protein and micronutrients such as vitamins, iron, and zinc that exert many beneficial functions. However, high consumption of animal protein sources, especially red meat, results in an increased intake of saturated fat, cholesterol, iron, and salt, as well as an excessive acid load. Red meat intake may lead to an elevated production of uremic toxins by the gut microbiota, such as trimethylamine n-oxide (TMAO), indoxyl sulfate, and p-cresyl sulfate. These uremic toxins are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular (CV) mortality. Limiting the intake of red meat in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) thus may be a good strategy to reduce CV risk, and may slow the progression of kidney disease. In the present review, we discuss the role of red meat in the diet of patients with CKD. Additionally, we report on a pilot study that focused on the effect of a low-protein diet on TMAO plasma levels in nondialysis CKD patients.Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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