• Stuart R Dalziel, John Md Thompson, Charles G Macias, Ricardo M Fernandes, David W Johnson, Yehezkel Waisman, Nicholas Cheng, Jason Acworth, James M Chamberlain, Martin H Osmond, Amy Plint, Paolo Valerio, Karen Jl Black, Eleanor Fitzpatrick, Amanda S Newton, Nathan Kuppermann, Terry P Klassen, and Pediatric Emergency Research Networks H1N1 Working Group.
• Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
• BMJ. 2013 Jan 1;347:f4836.

ObjectiveTo identify historical and clinical findings at emergency department presentation associated with severe H1N1 outcome in children presenting with influenza-like illness.DesignMulticentre retrospective case-control study.Setting79 emergency departments of hospitals associated with the Pediatric Emergency Research Networks in 12 countries.Participants265 children (<16 years), presenting between 16 April and 31 December 2009, who fulfilled Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for influenza-like illness and developed severe outcomes from laboratory confirmed H1N1 infection. For each case, two controls presenting with influenza-like illness but without severe outcomes were included: one random control and one age matched control.Main Outcome MeasuresSevere outcomes included death or admission to intensive care for assisted ventilation, inotropic support, or both. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to compare cases and controls, with effect sizes measured as adjusted odds ratios.Results151 (57%) of the 265 cases were male, the median age was 6 (interquartile range 2.3-10.0) years, and 27 (10%) died. Six factors were associated with severe outcomes in children presenting with influenza-like illness: history of chronic lung disease (odds ratio 10.3, 95% confidence interval 1.5 to 69.8), history of cerebral palsy/developmental delay (10.2, 2.0 to 51.4), signs of chest retractions (9.6, 3.2 to 29.0), signs of dehydration (8.8, 1.6 to 49.3), requirement for oxygen (5.8, 2.0 to 16.2), and tachycardia relative to age).ConclusionThese independent risk factors may alert clinicians to children at risk of severe outcomes when presenting with influenza-like illness during future pandemics.

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