Anesthesiology
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Meta Analysis Comparative Study
How much does pharmacologic prophylaxis reduce postoperative vomiting in children? Calculation of prophylaxis effectiveness and expected incidence of vomiting under treatment using Bayesian meta-analysis.
The authors calculated the effect size for treatments recommended for the pediatric population in the new Guidelines for the Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting that should be implemented with the help of a new risk scale developed for children. ⋯ The authors' tables list the expected incidence of postoperative vomiting with each treatment for each risk category, and the expected relative risks that can be used with baseline risk values from any source.
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Comparative Study
Sex differences in the effect of dyspnea on thermal pain threshold in young healthy subjects.
Previous study has demonstrated that dyspnea exerts inhibitory influence on pain, and empirical research supports the existence of sex differences in pain. To test the hypothesis that the inhibitory influence of dyspnea on the pain sensation may be less in females than in males, the authors investigated the sex differences in the responses of thermal pain threshold to dyspnea in healthy young subjects. ⋯ The inhibitory influence of dyspnea on the pain sensation is less in females than in males, but the sex difference may not be explained by female reproductive hormones alone.
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Comparative Study
Signaling pathways involved in desflurane-induced postconditioning in human atrial myocardium in vitro.
Isoflurane and sevoflurane have been shown to elicit myocardial postconditioning, but the effect of desflurane remain unknown. The authors studied the mechanisms involved in desflurane-induced myocardial postconditioning. ⋯ In vitro, desflurane postconditioned human atrial myocardium through protein kinase C activation, opening of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels, Akt and extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 activation, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation.
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Comparative Study
Involvement of beta 3-adrenoceptor in altered beta-adrenergic response in senescent heart: role of nitric oxide synthase 1-derived nitric oxide.
In senescent heart, beta-adrenergic response is altered in parallel with beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptor down-regulation. A negative inotropic effect of beta3-adrenoceptor could be involved. In this study, the authors tested the hypothesis that beta3-adrenoceptor plays a role in beta-adrenergic dysfunction in senescent heart. ⋯ In senescent cardiomyopathy, beta3-adrenoceptor overexpression plays an important role in the altered beta-adrenergic response via induction of NOS1-nitric oxide.
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Comparative Study
Gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated neurotransmission in the pontine reticular formation modulates hypnosis, immobility, and breathing during isoflurane anesthesia.
Many general anesthetics are thought to produce a loss of wakefulness, in part, by enhancing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission. However, GABAergic neurotransmission in the pontine reticular formation promotes wakefulness. This study tested the hypotheses that (1) relative to wakefulness, isoflurane decreases GABA levels in the pontine reticular formation; and (2) pontine reticular formation administration of drugs that increase or decrease GABA levels increases or decreases, respectively, isoflurane induction time. ⋯ Decreasing pontine reticular formation GABA levels comprises one mechanism by which isoflurane causes loss of consciousness, altered cortical excitability, muscular hypotonia, and decreased respiratory rate.