Drug and alcohol dependence
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Drug Alcohol Depend · Sep 1987
ReviewCommunity-based approaches to highway safety: health promotion and drinking-driving.
Traditional preventive tactics in road safety have emphasized technology, legislation and regulation. There is growing awareness and evidence that these methods need to be complemented with alternative approaches, particularly those that acknowledge the importance of life style as a determinant of risky driving. Accordingly, new approaches are emerging that emphasize the need for long-term, individual and community-based approaches in road safety, particularly as a tactic for addressing complex problems, like drinking-driving, that are determined by psychosocial and life style factors.
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Drug Alcohol Depend · Sep 1978
ReviewPossible effects of normetabolites on the subjective and reinforcing characteristics of opioids in animals and man.
When an opioid capable of forming active metabolites is administered, the total pharmacology is the result of interactions of the opioid and such metabolites, especially normetabolites. Normetabolites may affect the morphine-like characteristics of certain opioids and thus influence their reinforcement in animals and man. Most opioids, when administered in single doses, are positively reinforcing in addicts. ⋯ Conversely, methadone, the normetabolites of which are inactive, is well accepted during chronic oral administration. Drugs which inhibit N-demethylation will increase the agonist potency of opioids having inactive normetabolites (e.g., methadone) but will decrease the agonist potency of opioids having more potent normetabolites than the parent (e.g., acetylmethadol). The divergent responses of addicts to single doses of opiates as compared with chronic doses indicate that chronic addiction tests in man are needed befored relative abuse liability can be predicted.