Neuroscience
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Review Meta Analysis
Bilateral intraparietal activation for number tasks in studies using an adaptation paradigm: A meta-analysis.
Mathematical processing is important for professional success. The adaptation paradigm has been widely used to study the brain underpinnings of mathematical processing. In this study, we aim at shedding light on an important component of mathematical processing, namely numerical cognition. ⋯ We found a bilateral Intraparietal Sulcus (IPS) activation in studies using both symbolic and non-symbolic stimuli formats. We also found a right lateralized brain activation for the non-symbolic condition and a left lateralized brain activation for the symbolic condition. These results imply that the adaptation paradigm likely targets numeric magnitude processing and confirms the potency of this paradigm to activate the IPS.
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The prevalence of neurodegenerative disease has increased as an outcome of the aging population, and effective clinical treatments for such diseases are lacking. Endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction has been identified as a causative factor in various neurological disorders. ⋯ Herein, we focus on the multifaceted nature of IRE1α-XBP1 signaling and provide a detailed overview of the latest findings regarding its biological relevance in brain physiology and neurodegenerative disease pathobiology. Moreover, the possible pharmacological targets in the IRE1α-XBP1 axis are discussed.
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Inflammation and resolution are highly programmed processes involving a plethora of immune cells. Lipid mediators synthesized from arachidonic acid metabolism play a pivotal role in orchestrating the signaling cascades in the game of inflammation. The majority of the studies carried out so far on inflammation were aimed at inhibiting the generation of inflammatory molecules, whereas recent research has shifted more towards understanding the resolution of inflammation. ⋯ Resolvins derived from these fatty acids comprise the D-and E-series resolvins. A growing body of evidence using in vitro and in vivo models has revealed the pro-resolving and anti-inflammatory potential of resolvins. This systematic review sheds light on the synthesis, specialized receptors, and resolution of inflammation mediated by resolvins in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
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Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a major cytokine that promotes anti- and pro-inflammatory outcomes by activating the membrane IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) or the soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R). IL-6R and sIL-6R signaling engage the JAK1/2/3 targets and the downstream transcription of STAT1 and STAT3 family. In the brain, physiological IL-6 signaling preserves neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation, and neuroprotection against tissue injury, but IL-6 has been proposed as a biomarker for poor prognosis in several mental pathologies such as depressive disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism. ⋯ Notably, definition of anti- or pro-inflammatory profiles by IL-6 signaling in the brain are sensitive to the levels, cellular source, and targets of the IL-6 itself, as well as IL-6 receptor signaling, and its activation/inhibition ratio. We propose that a mutual IL-6 crosstalk between microglia, astrocytes, neurons, and endothelial cells defines the anti- and pro-inflammatory outcomes in the brain, modulating brain function. This review will describe the cellular, molecular and context-dependent signaling pathways that define anti- or pro-inflammatory profiles setting by IL-6 during physiological or pathological outcomes in the brain.
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Review
The beneficial role of SIRT1 in preventive or therapeutic options of Neurodegenerative Diseases.
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is an NAD+ dependent deacetylase that modify the gene expression through histone deacetylation. SIRT1 plays a crucial role in regulating a wide range of physiological processes by adjustment multiple mechanisms through the deacetylation of multiple substrates. ⋯ Its basic pathogenesis is filamentous tangles and amyloid deposits, such as Amyloid-β (Aβ), tau protein, α-synuclein, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). This summarizes introduces the structure and function of SIRT1, and then analyzes the protective effects of SIRT1 on neurological diseases by regulating circadian rhythm, aging, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation related pathways.