AJR. American journal of roentgenology
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AJR Am J Roentgenol · May 2015
ReviewRevisiting neuroimaging of abusive head trauma in infants and young children.
The purpose of this article is to use a mechanism-based approach to review the neuroimaging findings of abusive head trauma to infants. Advanced neuroimaging provides insights into not only the underlying mechanisms of craniocerebral injuries but also the long-term prognosis of brain injury for children on whom these injuries have been inflicted. ⋯ Knowledge of the traumatic mechanisms, the key neuroimaging findings, and the implications of functional imaging findings should help radiologists characterize the underlying causes of the injuries inflicted, thereby facilitating effective treatment.
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The purpose of this article is to review the constellation of findings of abusive head trauma, which may be accompanied by injuries to the appendicular and axial skeleton, brain and spinal cord, and retina. Additional common features include skin and soft-tissue injury, visceral findings, and evidence of oral trauma. ⋯ The evidence base for abusive head trauma encompasses diverse disciplines, including diagnostic imaging, pathology, pediatrics, biomechanics, ophthalmology, epidemiology, and orthopedics. When the varied sources of evidence are pieced together and taken in toto, abusive head trauma is often readily differentiated from alternative explanations of an infant's injuries.
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1. CT radiation dose optimization is one of the major concerns for the scientific community. 2. ⋯ Tube current is the most common parameter used to reduce radiation dose along with iterative reconstruction. 5. Tube potential (kV) is also used for dose optimization with iterative reconstruction in CT angiography protocols and small patients.
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AJR Am J Roentgenol · Mar 2015
ReviewSpectrum of suprascapular nerve lesions: normal and abnormal neuromuscular imaging appearances on 3-T MR neurography.
OBJECTIVE. In this article, we will review the normal anatomy and imaging features of various neuromuscular abnormalities related to suprascapular neuropathy. ⋯ Electrodiagnostic studies are considered the reference standard for diagnosis; however, high-resolution 3-T MR neurography (MRN) can play an important role. MRN enables direct visualization of the nerve and simultaneous assessment of the cervical spine, brachial plexus, and rotator cuff.
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OBJECTIVE. Nearly 8 million patients present annually to emergency departments (EDs) in the United States with acute chest pain. Identifying those with a sufficiently low risk of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remains challenging. ⋯ CONCLUSION. Early utilization of cardiac CTA in patients presenting to the ED with chest pain and a low to intermediate risk of ACS quickly identifies a group of particularly low-risk patients (< 1% risk of adverse events within 30 days) and allows safe and expedited discharge. By preventing unnecessary admissions and prolonged lengths of stay, a strategy based on early cardiac CTA has been shown to be efficient, although potential overutilization and other issues require long-term study.