Preventive medicine
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Preventive medicine · Jun 2023
The contribution of modifiable risk factors to socioeconomic inequities in cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality: A nationally representative population-based cohort study.
This study examined the individual and joint effects of modifiable risk factors mediating the associations between socioeconomic position (SEP) and morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in a nationally representative sample of adults in Canada. Participants in the Canadian Community Health Survey (n = 289,800) were followed longitudinally for CVD morbidity and mortality using administrative health and mortality data. SEP was measured as a latent variable consisting of household income and individual educational attainment. ⋯ The mediating effects of physical inactivity were through joint mediating effects with obesity, diabetes or hypertension. There were additional joint mediating effects of obesity through diabetes or hypertension in females. Findings point to modifiable risk factors as important targets for interventions along with interventions that target structural determinants of health to reduce socioeconomic inequities in CVD.
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Preventive medicine · Jun 2023
Nicotine-related content in English language ENDS advertisements in the US: 2018-2020.
There is no standard way to communicate to consumers how much nicotine is present in electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). This study assessed the inclusion of nicotine-related content, including nicotine strength, in a sample of English language ENDS advertisements that appeared in consumer and business-to-business outlets in the US during 2018-2020. The sample, provided by a media surveillance company, included ads from television, radio, newspapers, magazines (consumer and business-to-business), online platforms, outdoor/billboards, and direct-to-consumer emails. ⋯ Across the sample of ads, 15% reported nicotine strength in mg or mg/ml (n = 444), and 9% reported nicotine strength in percent (n = 260). Most ENDS ads do not include nicotine-related content. There is substantial variation in presentation of nicotine strength, which may present challenges for consumer understanding of absolute and relative nicotine-related content.
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Preventive medicine · Jun 2023
Differences in influenza vaccination by gender identity and state-level gender equity policies: Behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2015-2019.
It is estimated that there are one million transgender and over 340,000 gender non-conforming people in the United States, many of whom face significant health disparities including access to healthcare. Although previous studies have reported greater vaccine uptake in women compared to men, national-level estimates of influenza vaccine uptake among transgender and non-binary people are unknown. This study aims to characterize differences in influenza vaccine uptake by gender identity and examine associations between vaccination status and state-level gender equity policies. ⋯ Our results identified a disparity in influenza vaccine uptake among individuals across the gender spectrum. To improve vaccine equity, future research should explore barriers to and facilitators of vaccine uptake by gender identity, which could inform policies and health promotion interventions to improve uptake co-designed and implemented with the transgender and non-binary communities.