Preventive medicine
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Preventive medicine · Jun 2023
ReviewPeripheral arterial disease (PAD) - A challenging manifestation of atherosclerosis.
The diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is not always evident as symptoms and signs may show great variation. As all grades of PAD are linked to both an increased risk for cardiovascular complications and adverse limb events, awareness of the condition and knowledge about diagnostic measures, prevention and treatment is crucial. This article presents in a condensed form information on PAD and its management.
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Preventive medicine · Jun 2023
Longitudinal associations between exclusive, dual, and polytobacco use and asthma among US youth.
Little is known about the respiratory health effects of dual (two products) and polytobacco (three or more products) use among youth in the United States. Thus, we followed a longitudinal cohort of youth into adulthood using data from Waves 1-5 (2013-2019) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, examining incident asthma at each follow-up (Waves 2-5). We classified past 30-day tobacco use as 1) no products (never/former use), 2) exclusive cigarettes, 3) exclusive electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), 4) exclusive other combustible (OC) tobacco products (cigars, hookah, pipe), 5) dual cigarettes/OC and ENDS, 6) dual cigarettes and OCs, and 7) polytobacco use (cigarettes, OCs, and ENDS). ⋯ In adjusted models, exclusive cigarette use (HR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.11-2.64) and dual cigarette and OC use (HR: 2.78, 95% CI: 1.65-4.70) were associated with incident asthma compared to never/former use, while exclusive ENDS use (HR: 1.50, 95% CI: 0.92-2.44) and polytobacco use (HR: 1.95, 95% CI: 0.86-4.44) were not. To conclude, youth who use cigarettes with or without OCs had higher risk of incident asthma. Further longitudinal studies on the respiratory health effects of ENDS and dual/polytobacco use are needed as products continue to evolve.
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Preventive medicine · Jun 2023
The association between witnessing firearm violence and firearm carriage: Results from a national study of teens.
The association between witnessing firearm-involved violence and firearm carriage among teens, independent of non-firearm involved violence, has yet to be identified. The present analyses estimate associations of witnessing firearm-involved violence and non-firearm involved violence with firearm carriage in a nationally representative sample of teens. Data are from the FACTS National Survey-a cross-sectional web-based survey of 2140 US teenagers (ages 14-18) fielded in June-July 2020. ⋯ We found no difference in the strength of these associations (Wald χ2(df = 1) = 0.25, p = 0.80). Results suggest that witnessing firearm-involved and non-firearm involved violence are uniquely associated with teens' firearm carriage. Identifying means to reduce both exposures, in addition to recognizing factors that may weaken the associations between witnessing different types of violence and firearm carriage, may disrupt cycles of violence.
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Preventive medicine · Jun 2023
Patterns of childhood adversity and health outcomes in early adolescence: Results from the generation XXI cohort.
This longitudinal population-based birth cohort study aims to identify childhood adversity patterns over the first 13 years of life and to examine its association with health-related behaviours and outcomes in early adolescence. Using data from the Portuguese birth cohort Generation XXI, we performed latent class analysis to explore the underlying patterns of adversity from birth to early adolescence, using 13 adversity items assessed in five time points. Health-related behaviours and outcomes were evaluated at 13 years. ⋯ Boys also revealed increased odds of low consumption of fruits/vegetables (AOR:1.67; CI:1.24-2.23). Childhood adversity patterns are associated with unhealthy behaviours and depressive symptoms in early adolescence. Public policies and early interventions targeting vulnerable children, families and communities can potentially reduce the detrimental effects of adversities on health and promote individual and community resilience.
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Preventive medicine · Jun 2023
Nicotine-related content in English language ENDS advertisements in the US: 2018-2020.
There is no standard way to communicate to consumers how much nicotine is present in electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). This study assessed the inclusion of nicotine-related content, including nicotine strength, in a sample of English language ENDS advertisements that appeared in consumer and business-to-business outlets in the US during 2018-2020. The sample, provided by a media surveillance company, included ads from television, radio, newspapers, magazines (consumer and business-to-business), online platforms, outdoor/billboards, and direct-to-consumer emails. ⋯ Across the sample of ads, 15% reported nicotine strength in mg or mg/ml (n = 444), and 9% reported nicotine strength in percent (n = 260). Most ENDS ads do not include nicotine-related content. There is substantial variation in presentation of nicotine strength, which may present challenges for consumer understanding of absolute and relative nicotine-related content.