Nutrition
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We investigated the availability of healthier food choices and whether a healthier diet costs more than a diet commonly eaten by low-income families in South Africa. ⋯ Healthier food choices are, in general, considerably more expensive than commonly consumed foods. As a result, a healthy diet is unaffordable for the large majority of the population.
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To estimate the efficacy of iron supplementation in anemic pregnant women on the basis of occurrence of pregnancy complications and birth outcomes. ⋯ A higher rate of preterm birth was found in anemic pregnant women without iron treatment but this adverse birth outcome was prevented with iron supplementation. There was no higher rate of congenital abnormalities in the offspring of anemic pregnant women supplemented with iron and/or folic acid supplements.
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Lower brain glucose metabolism is present before the onset of clinically measurable cognitive decline in two groups of people at risk of Alzheimer's disease--carriers of apolipoprotein E4, and in those with a maternal family history of AD. Supported by emerging evidence from in vitro and animal studies, these reports suggest that brain hypometabolism may precede and therefore contribute to the neuropathologic cascade leading to cognitive decline in AD. The reason brain hypometabolism develops is unclear but may include defects in brain glucose transport, disrupted glycolysis, and/or impaired mitochondrial function. ⋯ Nevertheless, aging appears to increase the risk of deteriorating systemic control of glucose utilization, which, in turn, may increase the risk of declining brain glucose uptake, at least in some brain regions. A contributing role of deteriorating glucose availability to or metabolism by the brain in AD does not exclude the opposite effect, i.e., that neurodegenerative processes in AD further decrease brain glucose metabolism because of reduced synaptic functionality and hence reduced energy needs, thereby completing a vicious cycle. Strategies to reduce the risk of AD by breaking this cycle should aim to (1) improve insulin sensitivity by improving systemic glucose utilization, or (2) bypass deteriorating brain glucose metabolism using approaches that safely induce mild, sustainable ketonemia.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Increased Maillard reaction products intake reduces phosphorus digestibility in male adolescents.
To examine the effects of consuming diets rich in Maillard reaction products (MRPs) on phosphorus bioavailability in male adolescents. ⋯ The consumption of a rich-MRP diet in male adolescents had a negative influence on dietary phosphorus absorption, tending to decrease the phosphorus balance. Given the actual dietary habits of adolescents, possible long-term repercussions of this kind of diet should be studied.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Effects of a 6-days-a-week low protein diet regimen on depressive symptoms in young-old type 2 diabetic patients.
Late-life depression is one of the main health problems among elderly diabetic subjects. In addition, depression is a common psychopathological condition among renal failure patients and most of these patients follow a low protein diet regimen (LPD). However, the effects of LPD on depressive symptoms are unclear. ⋯ LPD 6/7 regimen significantly decreased depressive symptoms in young-old type 2 diabetic patients.