Der Schmerz
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In 2000, the interdisciplinary Working Group of Orofacial Pain within the German Chapter of the IASP (German Association for the Study of Pain) published recommendations for the standardized evaluation and diagnostic classification of patients with painful masticatory muscles and/or temporomandibular joints. The purpose of the present study was to critically review and update these recommendations. ⋯ The recommendations reflect the current state of pain medicine. Therefore, they should be considered among practitioners who diagnose and manage patients suffering from temporomandibular disorders.
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The ORL-1 receptor is expressed by human leukocytes. Limited knowledge exists about the function and interaction between the nervous and immune systems. The aim of our study was to investigate the expression of the nociceptin-ORL-1 receptor system on different leukocyte subsets and the influence of the ORL-1 receptor on the intracellular production of cytokines. ⋯ The ORL-1 receptor is expressed by all subtypes of leukocytes. The function of this receptor is not the modulation of cytokine production and requires further studies.