Der Schmerz
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Review Comparative Study
[Gender differences in acute and chronic pain conditions : Implications for diagnosis and therapy.]
Gender differences can influence incidence and outcome of acute and chronic pain conditions. The reasons are to be found in genetic factors, hormonal effects and differences in anatomy and physiology. Furthermore differences relating to psychiatric comorbidities (i.e. depression) and psychosocial factors (roles, coping strategies) have been demonstrated. ⋯ There is a gender bias in diagnosis and therapy. There is a need to study the influence of gender, age and race in order to optimize treatment towards a more individualized therapy. This article highlights already identified differences.
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Burnout is not a medical diagnosis but a developmental aberration which is associated with the risk of subsequent mental and somatic diseases. It can be summarized under a fatigue process with stress symptoms, societal-linked stressors and a driving force stress intensifier. In the mental stress circle, burnout presents as an accelerated vicious spiral driven by high demands. ⋯ Burnout is also a meaning of life crisis, triggered by the narrowing of performance and success. The anthropological therapeutic approach targets an enhancement of self-conception and lifestyle. Other available therapy approaches for burnout include pharmacotherapy, coaching, management consulting and inpatient treatment.