Neuroimaging clinics of North America
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Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are crucial for development and differentiation of various cells in the body. They are also essential for regulating metabolism in nearly all tissues. ⋯ The thyroid can take up radioactive iodine just like it would take iodine and hence can be used to evaluate and treat several thyroid diseases. Radioactive iodine is one of the first radioisotopes to be used in medicine.
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Primary thyroid cancers demonstrate distinct biological behaviors depending on their histologic characteristics. The ability to accumulate radioiodine by differentiated thyroid cancer cells is lost in primary aggressive, poorly differentiated and dedifferentiated tumor cells. PET imaging comes into play in these challenging situations where it can provide additive information to radioiodine scintigraphy and conventional imaging. This review focuses on the current guidelines and future prospects of PET imaging in thyroid cancers.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Aug 2021
ReviewParathyroid Imaging: Four-dimensional Computed Tomography, Sestamibi, and Ultrasonography.
Primary hyperparathyroidism results most commonly from a parathyroid adenoma, a benign parathyroid tumor that causes high levels of parathyroid hormone production. Given recent advances in surgical techniques allowing more focused, minimally invasive procedures, presurgical identification of candidate operative tissue has become increasingly useful in avoidance of 4-gland exploration. ⋯ This article discusses technical and interpretive approaches for the available modalities, and reviews their strengths and weaknesses. Updates to the individual modalities and approaches for problem solving in lesion detection are also addressed.
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Surgical intervention remains the mainstay of treatment of hyperparathyroidism and provides the highest chance at cure. After the disease is confirmed by biochemical testing, surgeons must use a combination of patient clinical history and radiographic imaging to determine the most appropriate surgical strategy. Through either minimally invasive parathyroidectomy or bilateral cervical exploration, surgeons provide high rates of cure for hyperparathyroidism with low rates of persistence or recurrence.