Anaesthesia
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical Trial
Postoperative analgesia with transdermal fentanyl following lower abdominal surgery.
In a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study involving 81 patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy, the postoperative analgesia provided by transdermal fentanyl given at 25, 50, or 75 micrograms.h-1 for 72 h was compared with a placebo group. The efficacy of the Transdermal Therapeutic System was related to the rate of fentanyl delivery, higher rates being associated with significantly lower visual analogue pain scores (24, 20, 17 and 13, for placebo, 25, 50 and 75 micrograms.h-1 respectively) and reduced patient controlled analgesia morphine requirements (44, 38, 33 and 31 mg respectively). Patients' overall sedation scores were not increased by transdermal fentanyl, but respiratory rates decreased with higher transdermal fentanyl dosage.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
Analgesia after caesarean section. The use of rectal diclofenac as an adjunct to spinal morphine.
A double-blind placebo-controlled study was performed to assess the analgesic effect of rectal sodium diclofenac 100 mg after Caesarean section using subarachnoid hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% and morphine 0.2 mg. During the 48 h follow-up period, both placebo and diclofenac groups had comparable analgesia as measured by visual analogue scores (VAS) at rest and on movement. However, diclofenac prolonged the mean time to first analgesia by more than 5 h from 13 h 45 min in the placebo group to 18 h 58 min (p < 0.03). The incidence of side effects (nausea, vomiting, itching, excessive lochia loss and the need for additional analgesia) were comparable in each group.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical Trial
Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. A comparison of right lateral and sitting positions.
Forty women presenting for elective Caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia were randomly assigned to have anaesthesia induced in either the sitting or right lateral positions; 2.5 ml 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine was injected over 10 s before the mother was placed in a supine position with a 20 degree lateral tilt. The onset time and height of the subsequent analgesic and anaesthetic block was measured. ⋯ There was no difference in maximum block height or degree of motor block. Mothers in the lateral group required more ephedrine in the first 10 m after siting the spinal (13.5 vs 10.5 mg, p < 0.05).
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical Trial
Premedication with midazolam in children. Effect of intranasal, rectal and oral routes on plasma midazolam concentrations.
We report a study performed to compare the time and plasma drug concentrations necessary to achieve a similar state of sedation after midazolam premedication given by various routes in children of 2-5 years old. Children were randomly allocated to one of three groups to receive midazolam 0.2 mg.kg-1 given intranasally, 0.5 mg.kg-1 given orally or 0.3 mg.kg-1 given rectally. Sedation was measured regularly until venepuncture was possible in a cooperative child. ⋯ Duration of surgical procedures, and of propofol infusion, and recovery from anaesthesia was similar for the three groups. The only problem arose in a 30-month-old boy in the intranasal group who developed respiratory depression with a plasma midazolam concentration of 169 ng.ml-1. Intranasal midazolam is an excellent alternative for rapid premedication provided that respiratory monitoring is used.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical Trial
A comparison of vital capacity breath and tidal breathing techniques for induction of anaesthesia with high sevoflurane concentrations in nitrous oxide and oxygen.
Vital capacity breath and tidal breathing techniques were compared for induction of anaesthesia with 7.5% sevoflurane in nitrous oxide, and oxygen. Thirty five subjects were randomly assigned to a vital capacity breath group (19) or to a tidal breathing group (16). The mean time for induction was faster with vital capacity breath (41 s) than with tidal breathing (52 s, p < 0.05). ⋯ Coughing was seen in a quarter of the subjects in the tidal breathing group and in one subject of the vital capacity breath group. The vital capacity group showed excellent characteristics: rapid, and pleasant induction without premedication. We conclude that the vital capacity breath technique is necessary for the inhalation induction of anaesthesia; it provides enough overpressure to allow the subject to pass reliably and rapidly through the initial stages of excitement.