Anaesthesia
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Randomized Controlled Trial
The effect of lidocaine on remifentanil-induced cough.
This study was performed to investigate the incidence of remifentanil-induced cough and evaluate the efficacy of lidocaine on its prevention. Five-hundred patients, aged 18-70 years, were randomly allocated into two groups to receive either lidocaine 0.5 mg x kg(-1) or 0.9% normal saline intravenously 1 min before remifentanil administration at a target effect-site concentration of 4 ng x ml(-1). ⋯ The results of logistic regression indicated that age and smoking were associated with remifentanil-induced cough. This study demonstrated that intravenously administered lidocaine 0.5 mg x kg(-1) effectively suppresses remifentanil-induced cough without possible systemic lidocaine toxicity.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
The influence of changes in end-tidal carbon dioxide upon the Bispectral Index.
Carbon dioxide is known to affect consciousness in animals and humans. We surmised that changes in end-tidal carbon dioxide during anaesthesia might affect the Bispectral Index. Twenty-four patients due to undergo surgery were anaesthetised with fentanyl and a propofol infusion. ⋯ The patients acted as their own controls as they were subjected to high, normal and low levels of end-tidal carbon dioxide (3-12 kPa) according to a randomised sequence. There were no changes in the Bispectral Index or haemodynamic variables resulting from manipulation of the end-tidal carbon dioxide. At the level of hypnosis involved in this study, changes in end-tidal carbon dioxide, within the range tested, do not result in changes in the Bispectral Index.