American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine
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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. · Feb 2015
Lymphocytic Alveolitis is Associated with the Accumulation of Functionally Impaired HIV-specific T Cells in the Lung of ART-naive Subjects.
Lymphocytic alveolitis in HIV-1-infected individuals is associated with multiple pulmonary complications and a poor prognosis. Although lymphocytic alveolitis has been associated with viremia and an increased number of CD8(+) T cells in the lung, its exact cause is unknown. ⋯ These findings suggest that alveolitis associated with HIV-1 infection is caused by the recruitment of HIV-1-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells to the lung. These antigen-specific T cells display an impaired proliferative capacity that is caused by increased expression of PD-1.
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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. · Feb 2015
Immune Activation in α-1antitrypsin Deficiency Emphysema: Beyond the Protease/Antiprotease Paradigm.
α1-Antitrypsin (AAT) is a potent protease inhibitor, deficiency of which is associated with the presence of emphysema. An imbalance of elastase and antielastase, along with innate inflammation in the lung, is believed to cause lung destruction in α1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD). It is now apparent that AAT has important immune-regulatory roles that would be lost in AATD, yet adaptive immune responses in the lung have not been investigated in patients with AATD. ⋯ An important adaptive immune inflammation, comprising B, CD4(+), and CD8(+) lymphocytes, and LFs, is a prominent feature in AATD. These results change the paradigm of the mechanism of AATD-induced emphysema from a pure elastase-antielastase imbalance to a much more complex one involving the adaptive immune system, similarly to what occurs in usual COPD.
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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. · Feb 2015
Extensive Phenotyping of Individuals At-risk for Familial Interstitial Pneumonia Reveals Clues to the Pathogenesis of Interstitial Lung Disease.
Asymptomatic relatives of patients with familial interstitial pneumonia (FIP), the inherited form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, carry increased risk for developing interstitial lung disease. ⋯ Evidence of lung parenchymal remodeling and epithelial dysfunction was identified in asymptomatic individuals at risk for FIP. Together, these findings offer new insights into the early pathogenesis of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia and provide an ongoing opportunity to characterize presymptomatic abnormalities that predict progression to clinical disease.
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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. · Feb 2015
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Are Pathogenic in Primary Graft Dysfunction After Lung Transplantation.
Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) causes early mortality after lung transplantation and may contribute to late graft failure. No effective treatments exist. The pathogenesis of PGD is unclear, although both neutrophils and activated platelets have been implicated. We hypothesized that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contribute to lung injury in PGD in a platelet-dependent manner. ⋯ NETs accumulate in the lung in both experimental and clinical PGD. In experimental PGD, NET formation is platelet-dependent, and disruption of NETs with DNaseI reduces lung injury. These data are the first description of a pathogenic role for NETs in solid organ transplantation and suggest that NETs are a promising therapeutic target in PGD.
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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. · Feb 2015
Letter Randomized Controlled TrialEarly Peripheral Perfusion-guided Fluid Therapy in Patients with Septic Shock.