Folia neuropathologica
-
Folia neuropathologica · Jan 2017
Maternal hypoxia increases hippocampal cell susceptibility to ischemia after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat offspring.
Introduction: Maternal hypoxia induces an adverse uterine environment and may induce long-term effects in offspring. This study investigated whether maternal hypoxia increases hippocampal cell vulnerability and exacerbates neurological impairments in adult rat offspring following ischemia. Material and methods: Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to no maternal hypoxia or maternal hypoxia treatment groups. Adult male rat offspring were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). ⋯ Caspase-3, cytochrome c, Bax, and bcl-2 expression in the hippocampus was detected by Western blot. Results: More severe hippocampal cell damage was found in the MH + MCAO group than in the MCAO group. Additionally, neurological deficits, percentage of TUNEL positive cells, and expression of caspase-3, cytochrome c, and Bax in the hippocampus were significantly higher (p < 0.05), whereas bcl-2 expression was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the MH + MCAO group compared to the MCAO group. Conclusions: These findings suggest that maternal hypoxia may exacerbate hippocampal cell apoptosis in rat offspring after MCAO via alterations in the expression of cytochrome c, caspase-3, Bax, and bcl-2, which ultimately affects ischemic stroke prognosis. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that maternal hypoxia increases hippocampal cell susceptibility to ischemia in adult rat offspring. .
-
Folia neuropathologica · Jan 2014
Review Case ReportsDoes "cerebellar liponeurocytoma" always reflect an expected site? An unusual case with a review of the literature.
A rare tumour, cerebellar liponeurocytoma, is classified into glioneuronal tumours under the 2000 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumours of the central nervous system. The current 2007 WHO classification, therefore, assigns grade II to the cerebellar liponeurocytoma. ⋯ In this report, an unusual case of cerebellar liponeurocytoma was presented with extracerebellar location. In the future tumour classification, it should be considered that liponeurocytomas are not restricted only to the cerebellum, but they are located in supratentorial areas as well.
-
Folia neuropathologica · Jan 2014
Low prevalence of most frequent pathogenic variants of six PARK genes in sporadic Parkinson's disease.
Genetic variants that confer susceptibility to Parkinson's disease (PD) show unbalanced distribution among different populations; genetic predisposition to either familial or sporadic forms of PD in Mexican-mestizo population has not been comprehensively studied. The aim of the present study was to analyze genetic variants in six PARK genes in PD patients. In total 381 individuals (173 patients, 208 controls) were genotyped for p. ⋯ Although the changes Gly2019Ser and Gly2385Arg of LRRK2 are associated with PD in different populations; they may be a rare cause of PD in our population. Novel population-specific variants may underlie PD susceptibility in Mexican mestizos. Our study suggests that the heterozygous deletion of exon 2 in the PARK2 gene is a risk factor for EOPD.
-
Folia neuropathologica · Jan 2014
Effects of hypothermia on ex vivo microglial production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide in hypoxic-ischemic brain-injured mice.
Activated microglia produce neurotoxic factors, including pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO), in response to neuronal destruction. Therapeutic suppression of microglial release of these factors by various approaches including hypothermia is considered to be neuroprotective after severe brain damage. We examined the effects of hypothermic culture on the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and NO in ex vivo microglia that were derived from mice with hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury, through the stimulation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) that play significant roles in the pathological processes underlying a sterile central nervous system injury. ⋯ In TLR-activated microglia that were derived from mice with HI brain injury, hypothermia reduced the production of TNF-α, IL-10, and NO temporally, a clinically relevant finding suggesting that neuroprotection conferred by therapeutic hypothermia is related to attenuation of early-phase and late-phase inflammatory factors as well as that of late-phase anti-inflammatory factor(s) released from microglia.
-
Folia neuropathologica · Jan 2012
ReviewSepsis and septic encephalopathy: characteristics and experimental models.
The inflammation is a response of the organism to damaging factors and leads to the limitation of the tissue destruction. During the inflammatory process, there is stimulation of the immune system as well as other tissue cells. However, sometimes this reaction is excessive and can bring to the sepsis and development of multiorgan insufficiency. ⋯ Still increasing concern of SE brought to the development of several animal models of this syndrome, which made possible detailed recognition of phenomena accompanying of septic encephalopathy. They include direct administration of endotoxins, or surgical intervention within the abdominal cavity. Every presented experimental model has advantages and weakness, but they make possible the modeling of the inflammatory reaction and multidirectional examining of accompanying phenomena.