Annals of surgery
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To identify the survival benefit of different adjuvant approaches and factors influencing their efficacy after upfront resection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). ⋯ In the presence of any high-risk pathologic features (nodal or margin involvement or LVI), adjuvant chemotherapy followed by radiation provides a better survival advantage over chemotherapy alone after upfront resection of PDAC.