Adv Exp Med Biol
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Telocytes (TCs) are interstitial cells found in stroma of many organs, including the skin dermis. Ultrastructurally, normal skin TCs recapitulates all the previously documented features in interstitum of other organs. Their (ultra)structural hallmark is the presence of particular shaped cellular prolongations (termed telopodes), along other features as cellular organelles representation and their distribution within cell body and its prolongations. ⋯ Furthermore, in psoriasis, the lesional remission is (ultra)structurally displaying a recovery of dermal TCs at values similar to normal. Considering TCs ultrastructural features, their connections and spatiality in normal dermis and also their pathologic changes, TCs are credited with roles in skin homeostasis and/or pathogeny of dermatological disorders. In our opinion, further researches should be focused on identifying a specific marker for TCs and also on comprehending the pattern of their response in different dermatoses.
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Quantification of individual proteins and even entire proteomes is an important theme in proteomics research. Quantitative proteomics is an approach to obtain quantitative information about proteins in a sample. Compared to qualitative or semi-quantitative proteomics, this approach can provide more insight into the effects of a specific stimulus, such as a change in the expression level of a protein and its posttranslational modifications, or to a panel of proposed biomarkers in a given disease state. ⋯ As the theory and technological aspects underlying the proteomics methodologies will be extensively described in Chap. 20 , and protein identification as a prerequisite of quantification has been discussed in Chap. 17 , we will focus on the quantitative proteomics bioinformatics algorithms and software tools in this chapter. Our goal is to provide researchers and newcomers a rational framework to select suitable bioinformatics tools for data analysis, interpretation, and integration in protein quantification. Before doing so, a brief overview of quantitative proteomics is provided.
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The first step in identifying proteins from mass spectrometry based shotgun proteomics data is to infer peptides from tandem mass spectra, a task generally achieved using database search engines. In this chapter, the basic principles of database search engines are introduced with a focus on open source software, and the use of database search engines is demonstrated using the freely available SearchGUI interface. This chapter also discusses how to tackle general issues related to sequence database searching and shows how to minimize their impact.
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Several cells are endowed in the interstitial space of the connective tissue; among them, a peculiar type has been recently described and named telocyte (TC). The increasing interest on this cell type has allowed identifying it in almost all the organs. All TCs have a proper ultrastructural feature that makes them undoubtedly recognizable under the transmission electron microscope (TEM). ⋯ On the basis of their ubiquitous distribution, TCs are unanimously considered organizers of the connective tissue because of their ability to form 3-D networks. Close to this common role, numerous other roles have been attributed to the TC. Indeed, each of the TC subtype likely plays an own organ-/tissue-specific role contributing to different aspects of physiological regulation in the various anatomical niches they occupy.
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Comparative Study
Comparison of Cerebral Oxygen Saturation and Cerebral Perfusion Computed Tomography in Cerebral Blood Flow in Patients with Brain Injury.
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between cerebral tissue oxygen saturation and cerebral blood volume in patients with traumatic brain injury. Perfusion computed tomography of the brain was performed in 25 patients with traumatic brain injury together with simultaneous SctO2 level measurement using cerebral near-infrared oxymetry. The mean age of the injured persons was 34.5±15.6 years (range 15-65); 14 men, 11 women. ⋯ The time to peak (TTP) was 22.2±3.1 s. A statistically significant correlation was found between SctO2 level and cerebral blood volume (CBV) level (R=0.9; p<0.000001). No other significant correlations were found between brain tissue oxygenation and other parameters of brain perfusion.