Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift für Augenheilkunde
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Cocaine was brought to Europe after the discovery of America. In the 19th century, the active component of coca leaves, named cocaine, was extracted and several researchers started experimenting with the substance, describing many physiological and pathological effects of its action. The first scholar to practically demonstrate the possibility of using cocaine solution in medicine, mostly ophthalmology, was Carl Koller. ⋯ Halsted and Hall reported the first successful nerve block of the interior dental nerve with 4% cocaine solution. In 1892, Schleich published the results of his studies in which he used a 0.1-0.2% solution of cocaine hydrochloride intra- and subcutaneously, introducing the so-called infiltration anaesthesia. At the end of the 19th century it was, however, demonstrated that cocaine possessed many undesirable effects, including addiction, which triggered off interest in other, less toxic, anaesthetics.
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Comparative Study
Systemic adverse events: a comparison between topical and peribulbar anaesthesia in cataract surgery.
To evaluate the safety of topical anaesthesia (TA) versus peribulbar anaesthesia (PBA) in patients undergoing routine cataract surgery on the basis of systemic adverse events. ⋯ The results from the present study indicate that intra-operative complications are less likely in patients that receive TA, suggesting the use of TA for routine cataract surgery both in young patients and particularly in elderly patients when there are no contraindications in the individual case.
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Complications following ophthalmic regional anaesthesia are rare but are reported during both needle (intraconal and extraconal blocks) and blunt cannula (sub-Tenon's block) techniques. At present there is no perfect technique of ophthalmic regional anaesthesia. This article reports on the complications, treatment and prevention of commonly used ophthalmic regional blocks. Thorough knowledge of the measures required to deal with complications when they occur are of paramount importance for safe clinical practice.
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Comparative Study
Pentoxifylline decreases up-regulated nuclear factor kappa B activation and cytokine production in the rat retina following transient ischemia.
To investigate whether pentoxifylline (PTX) could influence the increased cytokine gene expression in the retina flowing transient ischemia, and if so, whether it acts through the modulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation. ⋯ PTX decreased the up-regulated activation of NF-kappaB and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in rat retinas following ischemia/reperfusion. This may contribute to significantly reduce the loss of overall retinal thickness and thinning of inner retinal layers.
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Multicenter Study Comparative Study
Alkali burns of the eye: effect of immediate copious irrigation with tap water on their severity.